895.50 Annotation
Commercial misappropriation of person's name was prohibited by Wisconsin common law. Hirsch v. S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. 90 W (2d) 379, 280 NW (2d) 129 (1979).
895.50 Annotation
Oral communication among numerous employes and jail inmates is sufficient to constitute publicity under (2) (c). Hillman v. Columbia County, 164 W (2d) 376, 474 NW (2d) 913 (Ct. App. 1991).
895.50 Annotation
See note to 19.21, citing 68 Atty. Gen. 68.
895.50 Annotation
Surveillance of school district employe from public streets and highways by school district employer's agents to determine whether the employe was in violation of the district's residency policy did not violate this section. Munson v. Milwaukee Bd. of School Directors, 969 F (2d) 266 (1992).
895.50 Annotation
The absence of false light from the Wisconsin privacy statute. 66 MLR 99 (1982).
895.50 Annotation
The tort of misappropriation of name or likeness under Wisconsin's new privacy law. Endejan, 1978 WLR 1029.
895.51
895.51
Liability exemption: food donation, sale or distribution. 895.51(1)(b)
(b) "Charitable organization" means an organization the contributions to which are deductible by corporations in computing net income under
s. 71.26 (2).
895.51(1)(c)
(c) "Food distribution service" means a program of a private nonprofit organization that provides food products directly to individuals with low incomes or that collects food products for and distributes food products to persons who provide the food products directly to individuals with low incomes.
895.51(1)(e)
(e) "Qualified food" means food products that meet the standards of quality established by state law or rule or federal law or regulations, including food products that are not readily marketable due to appearance, age, freshness, grade, size, surplusage or other condition, except that "qualified food" does not include canned food products that are leaking, swollen, dented on a seam or not airtight.
895.51(2)
(2) Any person engaged in the processing, distribution or sale of food products, for profit or not for profit, who donates or sells, at a price not to exceed overhead and transportation costs, qualified food to a charitable organization or food distribution service is immune from civil liability for the death of or injury to an individual caused by the qualified food donated or sold by the person.
895.51(3)
(3) Any charitable organization or food distribution service which distributes free of charge qualified food to any person is immune from civil liability for the death of or injury to an individual caused by the qualified food distributed by the charitable organization or food distribution service.
895.51(4)
(4) This section does not apply if the death or injury was caused by wilful or wanton acts or omissions.
895.515
895.515
Liability exemption; equipment or technology donation. 895.515(1)(a)
(a) "Commercial equipment or technology" means goods or related procedures used or bought for use primarily in a business, including farming and a profession.
895.515(1)(b)
(b) "Institution of higher education" means a center or institution within the University of Wisconsin System, a technical college or a private, nonprofit institution of higher education located in this state.
895.515(2)
(2) Any person engaged in the sale or use of commercial equipment or technology, for profit or not for profit, who donates any commercial equipment or technology to a public or private elementary or secondary school or an institution of higher education or who accepts reimbursement in an amount not to exceed overhead and transportation costs for any commercial equipment or technology provided to a public or private elementary or secondary school or to an institution of higher education is immune from civil liability for the death of or injury to an individual caused by the commercial equipment or technology.
895.515(3)
(3) This section does not apply if the death or injury was caused by a wilful or wanton act or omission of the person who donated or accepted reimbursement for the commercial equipment or technology.
895.515(4m)
(4m) This section does not apply to the manufacturer of the donated commercial equipment or technology.
895.515 History
History: 1995 a. 112.
895.52
895.52
Recreational activities; limitation of property owners' liability. 895.52(1)(a)
(a) "Governmental body" means any of the following:
895.52(1)(a)3.
3. A county or municipal governing body, agency, board, commission, committee, council, department, district or any other public body corporate and politic created by constitution, statute, ordinance, rule or order.
895.52(1)(b)
(b) "Injury" means an injury to a person or to property.
895.52(1)(c)
(c) "Nonprofit organization" means an organization or association not organized or conducted for pecuniary profit.
895.52(1)(d)1.
1. A person, including a governmental body or nonprofit organization, that owns, leases or occupies property.
895.52(1)(d)2.
2. A governmental body or nonprofit organization that has a recreational agreement with another owner.
895.52(1)(e)
(e) "Private property owner" means any owner other than a governmental body or nonprofit organization.
895.52(1)(f)
(f) "Property" means real property and buildings, structures and improvements thereon, and the waters of the state, as defined under
s. 281.01 (18).
895.52(1)(g)
(g) "Recreational activity" means any outdoor activity undertaken for the purpose of exercise, relaxation or pleasure, including practice or instruction in any such activity. "Recreational activity" includes, but is not limited to, hunting, fishing, trapping, camping, picnicking, exploring caves, nature study, bicycling, horseback riding, bird-watching, motorcycling, operating an all-terrain vehicle, ballooning, hang gliding, hiking, tobogganing, sledding, sleigh riding, snowmobiling, skiing, skating, water sports, sight-seeing, rock-climbing, cutting or removing wood, climbing observation towers, animal training, harvesting the products of nature and any other outdoor sport, game or educational activity, but does not include any organized team sport activity sponsored by the owner of the property on which the activity takes place.
895.52(1)(h)
(h) "Recreational agreement" means a written authorization granted by an owner to a governmental body or nonprofit organization permitting public access to all or a specified part of the owner's property for any recreational activity.
895.52(1)(i)
(i) "Residential property" means a building or structure designed for and used as a private dwelling accommodation or private living quarters, and the land surrounding the building or structure within a 300-foot radius.
895.52(2)
(2) No duty; immunity from liability. 895.52(2)(a)(a) Except as provided in
subs. (3) to
(6), no owner and no officer, employe or agent of an owner owes to any person who enters the owner's property to engage in a recreational activity:
895.52(2)(a)1.
1. A duty to keep the property safe for recreational activities.
895.52(2)(a)3.
3. A duty to give warning of an unsafe condition, use or activity on the property.
895.52(2)(b)
(b) Except as provided in
subs. (3) to
(6), no owner and no officer, employe or agent of an owner is liable for the death of, any injury to, or any death or injury caused by, a person engaging in a recreational activity on the owner's property or for any death or injury resulting from an attack by a wild animal.
895.52(3)
(3) Liability; state property. Subsection (2) does not limit the liability of an officer, employe or agent of this state or of any of its agencies for either of the following:
895.52(3)(a)
(a) A death or injury that occurs on property of which this state or any of its agencies is the owner at any event for which the owner charges an admission fee for spectators.
895.52(3)(b)
(b) A death or injury caused by a malicious act or by a malicious failure to warn against an unsafe condition of which an officer, employe or agent knew, which occurs on property designated by the department of natural resources under
s. 23.115 or designated by another state agency for a recreational activity.
895.52(4)
(4) Liability; property of governmental bodies other than this state. Subsection (2) does not limit the liability of a governmental body other than this state or any of its agencies or of an officer, employe or agent of such a governmental body for either of the following:
895.52(4)(a)
(a) A death or injury that occurs on property of which a governmental body is the owner at any event for which the owner charges an admission fee for spectators.
895.52(4)(b)
(b) A death or injury caused by a malicious act or by a malicious failure to warn against an unsafe condition of which an officer, employe or agent of a governmental body knew, which occurs on property designated by the governmental body for recreational activities.
895.52(5)
(5) Liability; property of nonprofit organizations. Subsection (2) does not limit the liability of a nonprofit organization or any of its officers, employes or agents for a death or injury caused by a malicious act or a malicious failure to warn against an unsafe condition of which an officer, employe or agent of the nonprofit organization knew, which occurs on property of which the nonprofit organization is the owner.
895.52(6)
(6) Liability; private property. Subsection (2) does not limit the liability of a private property owner or of an employe or agent of a private property owner whose property is used for a recreational activity if any of the following conditions exist:
895.52(6)(a)
(a) The private property owner collects money, goods or services in payment for the use of the owner's property for the recreational activity during which the death or injury occurs, and the aggregate value of all payments received by the owner for the use of the owner's property for recreational activities during the year in which the death or injury occurs exceeds $2,000. The following do not constitute payment to a private property owner for the use of his or her property for a recreational activity:
895.52(6)(a)1.
1. A gift of wild animals or any other product resulting from the recreational activity.
895.52(6)(a)2.
2. An indirect nonpecuniary benefit to the private property owner or to the property that results from the recreational activity.
895.52(6)(a)3.
3. A donation of money, goods or services made for the management and conservation of the resources on the property.
895.52(6)(a)4.
4. A payment of not more than $5 per person per day for permission to gather any product of nature on an owner's property.
895.52(6)(a)6.
6. A payment received from a nonprofit organization for a recreational agreement.
895.52(6)(b)
(b) The death or injury is caused by the malicious failure of the private property owner or an employe or agent of the private property owner to warn against an unsafe condition on the property, of which the private property owner knew.
895.52(6)(c)
(c) The death or injury is caused by a malicious act of the private property owner or of an employe or agent of a private property owner.
895.52(6)(d)
(d) The death or injury occurs on property owned by a private property owner to a social guest who has been expressly and individually invited by the private property owner for the specific occasion during which the death or injury occurs, if the death or injury occurs on any of the following:
895.52(6)(e)
(e) The death or injury is sustained by an employe of a private property owner acting within the scope of his or her duties.
895.52(7)
(7) No duty or liability created. Except as expressly provided in this section, nothing in this section or
s. 101.11 nor the common law attractive nuisance doctrine creates any duty of care or ground of liability toward any person who uses another's property for a recreational activity.
895.52 Note
NOTE: 1983 Wis. Act 418, which created this section, has "legislative intent" in section 1.
895.52 Annotation
Common law "open and obvious danger" limitation on landowner liability discussed. Waters v. U.S. Fidelity & Guaranty Co. 124 W (2d) 275, 369 NW (2d) 755 (Ct. App. 1985).
895.52 Annotation
Municipality is immune from liability for defective highway or public sidewalk only when it has turned them over, at least in part, to recreational activities and when damages result from such activity. Bystery v. Village of Sauk City, 146 W (2d) 247, 430 NW (2d) 611 (Ct. App. 1988).
895.52 Annotation
"Recreational activity" does not apply to random wanderings of young child which are not similar to activities listed in (1) (g). Shannon v. Shannon, 150 W (2d) 434, 442 NW (2d) 25 (1989).
895.52 Annotation
State's role as trustee of public waters is equivalent to ownership, giving rise to recreational immunity. Sauer v. Reliance Insurance Company, 152 W (2d) 234, 448 NW (2d) 256 (Ct. App. 1989).
895.52 Annotation
Indirect pecuniary benefits constitute "payment" under (6) (a). Douglas v. Dewey, 154 W (2d) 451, 453 NW (2d) 500 (Ct. App. 1990).
895.52 Annotation
"Injury" under (1) (b) includes death. Moua v. Northern States Power Co., 157 W (2d) 177, 458 NW (2d) 836 (Ct. App. 1990).
895.52 Annotation
By providing lifeguard, landowner does not assume duty to provide lifeguard services in non-negligent manner. Ervin v. City of Kenosha, 159 W (2d) 464, 464 NW (2d) 654 (1991).
895.52 Annotation
For purposes of (4)(b) conduct is "malicious" when it is the result of hatred, ill will, revenge, or undertaken when insult or injury is intended. Ervin v. City of Kenosha, 159 W (2d) 464, 464 NW (2d) 654 (1991).
895.52 Annotation
Immunity is not limited to injuries caused by defects in property itself, but applies to all injuries sustained during use. Johnson v. City of Darlington, 160 W (2d) 418, 466 NW (2d) 233 (Ct. App. 1991).
895.52 Annotation
Young child's inability to intend to engage in recreational activity does not render landowner immunity inapplicable where activity is recreational in nature. Nelson v. Schreiner, 161 W (2d) 798, 469 NW (2d) 214 (Ct. App. 1991).
895.52 Annotation
Illegal gambling conducted by club occupying city park land placed club outside protection of immunity statute. Lee v. Elk Rod & Gun Club Inc., 164 W (2d) 103, 473 NW (2d) 581 (Ct. App. 1991).
895.52 Annotation
Party is not immune as occupant where evidence unequivocally shows intentional and permanent abandonment of premises had occurred. Mooney v. Royal Ins. Co., 164 W (2d) 516, 476 NW (2d) 287 (Ct. App. 1991).
895.52 Annotation
Walking to or from non-immune activity does not change landowner's status. Hupf v. City of Appleton, 165 W (2d) 215, 477 NW (2d) 69 (Ct. App. 1991).
895.52 Annotation
Sub. (2) (b) does not require a person injured by a wild animal to be engaged in a recreational activity for immunity to attach to property owner; a captive buck deer is a wild animal. Hudson v. Janesville Conservation Club, 168 W (2d) 436, 484 NW (2d) 132 (1992).
895.52 Annotation
Claimed ignorance of and blatant failure to follow applicable regulations cannot be construed as reasonable diligence in discovering an injury where following the rule would have resulted in earlier discovery. Stroh Die Casting v. Monsanto Co. 177 W (2d) 91, 502 NW (2d) 132 (Ct. App. 1993).
895.52 Annotation
Municipal pier was type of property intended to be covered by recreational immunity statute. Crowbridge v. Village of Egg Harbor, 179 W (2d) 565, 508 NW (2d) 15 (Ct. App. 1993).
