E. coli Analytical Methods
Organism | Methodology | Method | SM 20th
Edition1 | SM 21st Edition2 | SM 22nd
Edition3 | SM Online4 | Other |
E. coli | Enzyme Substrate Methods | Colilert® | 9223 B 5 | 9223 B 5 | 9223 B | 9223 B-97 5, 6 | |
| | Colilert-18 | 9223 B | 9223 B | 9223 B | 9223 B-97 | |
| | ONPG-MUG Test | 9223 B | 9223 B | 9223 B | 9223 B-97 | |
| Escherichia coli Procedure (following Lactose Fermentation Methods) | EC-MUG medium | 9221 F, 9221 F.1 | 9221 F.1 | 9221 F.1 | | |
Enterococci | | Multiple-Tube Technique | 9230B | | | 9230 B-04 | |
| | Membrane Filter Technique | 9230C | | | | EPA Method 16008 |
Coliphage | | Two-Step Enrichment Presence-Absence Procedure | | | | | Fast Phage 10 EPA Method 1601.11 |
| | Single Agar Layer Procedure | | | | | EPA Method 1602.12 |
1Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th edition (1998). Available from American Public Health Association, 800 I Street, NW., Washington, DC 20001-3710.
2Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st edition (2005). Available from American Public Health Association, 800 I Street, NW., Washington, DC 20001-3710.
3Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 22nd edition (2012). Available from American Public Health Association, 800 I Street NW., Washington, DC 20001-3710.
4Standard Methods Online are available at http://www.standardmethods.org. The year in which each method was approved by the Standard Methods Committee is designated by the last two digits in the method number. The methods listed are the only online versions that may be used. 5 Multiple-tube and multi-well enumerative formats for this method are approved for use in presence-absence determination under this regulation.
6 Colisure® results may be read after an incubation time of 24 hours.
7EC-MUG (Method 9221F) or NA-MUG (Method 9222G) can be used for E. coli testing step as described in §141.21(f)(6)(i) or (ii) after use of Standard Methods 9221 B, 9221 D, 9222 B, or 9222 C. 8EPA Method 1600: Enterococci in Water by Membrane Filtration Using membrane-Enterococcus Indoxyl-β-D-Glucoside Agar (mEI) EPA 821-R-02-022 (September 2002) is an approved variation of Standard Method 9230C. The method is available at http://www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/1600sp02.pdf or from EPA's Water Resource Center (RC-4100T), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20460. The holding time and temperature for ground water samples are specified in footnote 1 above, rather than as specified in Section 8 of EPA Method 1600. 9Medium is available through IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, Maine 04092. Preparation and use of the medium is set forth in the article “Evaluation of Enterolert for Enumeration of Enterococci in Recreational Waters,” by Budnick, G.E., Howard, R.T., and Mayo, D.R., 1996, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62:3881-3884.
10 Charm Sciences Inc. “Fast Phage Test Procedure. Presence/Absence for Coliphage in Ground Water with Same Day Positive Prediction”. Version 009. November 2012. 659 Andover Street, Lawrence, MA 01843. Available at www.charmsciences.com. 11EPA Method 1601: Male-specific (F+) and Somatic Coliphage in Water by Two-step Enrichment Procedure; April 2001, EPA 821-R-01-030. Method is available at http://www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/1601ap01.pdf or from EPA's Water Resource Center (RC-4100T), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20460. 12EPA Method 1602: Male-specific (F+) and Somatic Coliphage in Water by Single Agar Layer (SAL) Procedure; April 2001, EPA 821-R-01-029. Method is available at http://www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/1602ap01.pdf or from EPA's Water Resource Center (RC-4100T), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20460. SECTION 86.
NR 809.335 (2) is amended to read: NR 809.335 (2) E. coliE. coli. Any laboratory certified by the EPA, the National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Conference The NELAC Institute (TNI), or the department of agriculture, trade and consumer protection for total coliform or fecal coliform E. coli. analysis under s. NR 809.323(1)(c), Table F is approved for E. coli analysis under this section when the laboratory uses the same technique for E. coli that the laboratory uses for s. NR 809.334(2), Table I. SECTION 87.
NR 809.336 (4) (b) is amended to read: NR 809.336 (4) (b) Water suppliers shall report the following data elements for each E. coliE. coli analysis:
3. Sample collection date. |
4. Analytical method number. |
6. Source type (flowing stream, lake/reservoir, GWUDI). |
7. E. coliE. coli /100 mL. |
SECTION 88.
NR 809.35 (4) is amended to read: NR 809.35 (4) survey details. A sanitary survey, as conducted by the department under this section, includes but is not limited to, an onsite review of the water sources facilities, equipment, operation, maintenance, and monitoring compliance of a public water system to evaluate the adequacy of the public water system, its sources and operations and the distribution of safe drinking water. In addition, the department shall identify sources of potential contamination by using results of source water vulnerabilitymonitoring assessments or other relevant information.
SECTION 89.
NR 809.50 (4) Table K is amended to read: Table K
List of Small Water Systems Compliance Technologies for Radionuclides and Limitations To Use |
Unit technologies | Limitations
(see footnotes) | Operator skill level required1 | Raw water quality range
and consideration1 |
1. Ion exchange (IE). | (a) | Intermediate | All groundwaters. |
2. Point of use (POU 2 ) IE | (b) | Basic | All groundwaters |
3. Reverse osmosis (RO) | (c) | Advanced | Surface waters usually require pre-filtration |
4. POU 2 RO | (b) | Basic | Surface waters usually require pre-filtration. |
5. Lime softening | (d) | Advanced | All waters. |
6. Green sand filtration | (e) | Basic | |
7. Co-precipitation with Barium barium sulfate | (f) | Intermediate to Advanced | Groundwaters with suitable water quality |
8.Electrodialysis/electrodialysis reversal | | Basic to Intermediate | All groundwaters. |
9.Pre-formedhydrous Manganesemanganese oxide filtration. | (g) | Intermediate | All groundwaters |
10. Activated alumina | (a), (h) | Advanced | All groundwaters; competing anion concentrations may affect regeneration frequency. |
11.Enhanced coagulation/filtration | (i) | Advanced | Can treat a wide range of water qualities. |
1 National Research Council (NRC). Safe Water from Every Tap: Improving Water Service to Small Communities. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1997.
2 POU devices are typically installed at the kitchen tap. See the April 21, 2000 NODA for more details.
Limitations Footnotes: Technologies for Radionuclides:
a The regeneration solution contains high concentrations of the contaminant ions. Disposal options should be carefully considered before choosing this technology.
b When POU devices are used for compliance, programs for long-term operation, maintenance, and monitoring shall be provided by water utility to ensure proper performance.
c Reject water disposal options should be carefully considered before choosing this technology. See other RO limitations described in the SWTR Compliance Technologies Table.
d The combination of variable source water quality and the complexity of the water chemistry involved may make this technology too complex for small surface water systems.
e Removal efficiencies can vary depending on water quality.
f This technology may be very limited in application to small water systems. Since the process requires static mixing, detention basins, and filtration, it is most applicable to small water systems with sufficiently high sulfate levels that already have a suitable filtration treatment train in place.
g This technology is most applicable to small water systems that already have filtration in place.
h Handling of chemicals required during regeneration and pH adjustment may be too difficult for small water systems without an adequately trained operator.
i Assumes modification to a coagulation/filtration process already in place.
SECTION 90.
NR 809.52 (1) Table N is amended to read: TABLE N
SDWA Approved Methodology for Radiological Measurements
Reference (method or page number) |
Parameter | Method | EPA1 | EPA2 | EPA3 | EPA4 | SM5 | ASTM6 | USGS7 | DOE8 | Others |
Naturally Occurring: | | | | | | | | R-1120-76 | --- | |
Gross alpha11 & beta | Evaporation | 900900.0 | p1 | 00-01 | p1 | 302,
7110 B | | R-1120-76 | --- | |
Gross alpha11 | co-precipitation | --- | | 00-02 | | 7110 C | --- | --- | --- | |
Radium 226 | Radon emanation, Radiochemical | 903.1
903.0 | P 16
p13 | Ra-04
Ra-03 | p19 | 7500-Ra C
304,305,
7500-Ra B | D 3454-91
D 2460-90 D3454-05 D2460-07 | R-1141-76
R-1140-76 | Ra-05 | N.Y.9 |
| | | | | | 7550-Ra C-01. 7500-Ra B-01 | | | | |
Radium 228 | Radiochemical | 904.0 | P 24 | Ra-05 | p19 | 304,7500
Ra D | --- | R-1142-76 | --- | N.Y.9
N.J.10 |
Uranium12 | Radiochemical
| 908.0
| |
| | 7500-UB | D2907-91 | R-1180-76 | U-04
U-2 | |
| Fluorometric | 908.1 | | | | 7500-UC (17th Ed) | D2907-97 | R-1180-76 R-1181-76 R-1182-76 | U-04 | |
| Alpha spectrometry | --- | | 00-07 | p33 | 7500-UC
(18th or 19th Ed) | D3972-90 D3972-09 | --- | --- | |
| Laser
Phosphorimetry | --- | | | | - | D5174-91D5174-97, 02 | | | |
| ICP-MS | 200.813200.813 | | | | 3125 | D5673-03 D5673-05, 10 | | | |
Strontium - 89,90 | Radiochemical | 905.0 | p 29 | Sr-04 | p65 | 303, 7500-Sr B | --- | R1160-76 | Sr-01
Sr-02 | |
Tritium | Liquid Scintillation | 906.0 | p 34 | H-02 | p 87 | 306, 7500-3H B7500-3H B | | D 4107–91 D4107-08 | R 1171-76 | --- |
Radioactive Cesium - | Radiochemical, Gamma ray spectrophotometry | 901.0
901.1 | p 4 | | p 92 | 7500-Cs B
7120 (19th Ed.) | D 2459-72
D 3649-91 D3649-06 | ---
R-1110-76 | 4.5.2.3 | |
Radioactive Iodine | Radiochemical, Gamma ray spectrophotometry | 902.0
901.1 | P 6
p 9 | |
p 92
| 7500-I B
7500-I C
7500-I D
7120 (19th Ed) | D 3649-91
D 4785-88 D3649-06 D4785-08 | --- | 4.5.2.3 | |
Gamma Emitters | Gamma ray
spectrometry | 901.1
902.0
901.0 | | |
p 92
| 7120 (19th Ed.)
7500-Cs B
7500-I B | D 3649-91
D 4785-88 D3649-06 D4785-08 | --- | 4.5.2.3 | |
1"Prescribed Procedures for Measurement of Radioactivity in Drinking Water", EPA-600/4-80/032. August, 1980. Available from the EMSL, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45268.
2"Interim Radiochemical Methodology for Drinking Water", EPA 600/4-75/008 (revised), March 1976, Available at NTIS, ibid PB 253258.
3"Radiochemistry Procedures Manual", EPA 520/5-84/006, December 1987, Available at NTIS, ibid, PB 84-215581.
4"Radiochemical Analytical Procedures for Analysis of Environmental Samples", March 1979, Available at NTIS, ibid, EMSL LV 053917
5" Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater", 13th Edition, 17th, 18th, 19th Editions, 1971, 1989, 1992, 1995, Available at APHA, 1015 Fifteenth Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005. All methods are in the 17th, 18th and 19th editions except 7500-U C Flurometric Uranium was discontinued after the 17th Edition. 7120 Gamma Emitters is only in the 19th Edition and 302, 303, 304, 305 and 306 are only in the 13th Edition.Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,” 13th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, or 22nd, edition, 1971, 1989, 1992, 1995, 1998, 2005, 2012, available at American Public Health Association, 800 I Street NW., Washington, DC. 20001-3710. Methods 302, 303, 304, 305 and 306 are only in the 13th edition. Methods 7110B, 7500-Ra B, 7500-Ra C, 7500-Ra D, 7500-U B, 7500-Cs B, 7500-I B, 7500-I C, 7500-I D, 7500-Sr B, and 7500-3H B are in the 17th, 18th, 19th 20th, 21st, and 22nd editions. Method 7110 C and 7500-U C Alpha spectrometry is in the 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, and 22nd editions. Method 7500-U C Fluorometric Uranium is only in the 17th edition, Method 7120 is only in the 19th and 20th editions. Method 3125 is only in the 20th edition. Standard Methods online are available at http://www.standardmethods.org. The year in which each method was approved by the Standard Methods Committee is designated by the last two digits in the method number. The methods listed are the only online versions that may be used.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 11.02, 1994. Available at American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.
7"Methods for Determination of Radioactive Substances in Water and Fluvial Sediments", Chapter A5 in Book 5 of Techniques of Water Resources Investigations of the United States Geological Survey, 1997. Available at U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Information Services, Box 25286 Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225-0425.
8"EML Procedures Manual", 27th Edition, Volume 1, 1990. Available at the Environmental Measurements Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), 376 Hudson Street, New York, NY 10014-3621.
9"Determination of Ra-226 and Ra-228 (Ra-02)", January 1980, Revised June 1982. Available at Radiological Sciences Institute Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201.
10"Determination of Radium 228 in Drinking Water", August 1980. Available at State of New Jersey, Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Environmental Quality, Bureau of Radiation and Inorganic Analytical Services, 9 Ewing Street, Trenton, N.J. 08625.
11Natural uranium and thorium-230 or approved as gross alpha calibration standards for gross alpha with co-precipitation and evaporation methods, americium-241 is approved with co-precipitation methods.
12If uranium (U) is determined by mass a 0.67 pCi/g of uranium conversion factor shall be used. This conservative factor is based on the 1:1 activity ratio of U-234 to U-238 that is characteristic of naturally occurring uranium. SECTION 91.
NR 809.53 (1) (d) (1) is amended to read: NR 809.53 (1) (d) 1. If the average of the initial monitoring results for each contaminant, i.e., gross alpha particle activity, uranium, radium-226 or radium-228, is below the detection limit specified in s. NR 809.50 (3)809.52 (2), Table JO., the water supplier for a community water system shall collect and analyze for that contaminant using at least one sample at that sampling point every 9 years.
SECTION 92.
NR 809.541 (4) (c) is amended to read: NR 809.541 (4) (c) Be currently certified by EPA or the department under ch. NR 149 to perform analyses to the specifications described in par. (a)(1) pars. (a) and (b). SECTION 93.
NR 809.542 (2) (c) 3. is amended to read: NR 809.542 (2) (c) 3. Any water suppliers for a public water system deemed to have optimized corrosion control pursuant to this paragraph shall notify the department in writing pursuant to s. NR 809.55(1)(c)3 of any upcoming long-term change in treatment or addition of a new source as described in that section. The department shall review and approve the addition of a new source or long-term change in water treatment before it is implemented by the water supplier. The department may require any water supplier to conduct additional monitoring or to take other action the department deems appropriate to ensure that the water supplier maintains minimal levels of corrosion in the distribution system. SECTION 94.
NR 809. 544 (1) (a) is amended to read: NR 809. 544 (1) (a) Step 1: A water supplier for a public water system exceeding the lead or copper action level shall complete lead and copper source water monitoring under s. NR 809.549(2) and make a treatment recommendation to the Departmentdepartment under s. NR 809.544(2)(a) no later than 180 days after the end of the monitoring period during which the lead or copper action level was exceeded. SECTION 95.
NR 809.546 (intro) is amended to read: NR 809.546 Public education and supplemental monitoring requirements. All water suppliers shall deliver a consumer notice of lead tap water monitoring results to persons served by the public water system at sites that are tested, as specified in sub. (4). AIf a public water system that exceeds the lead action level based on tap water samples collected in accordance with s. NR 809.547, the water supplier shall deliver the public education materials contained in sub. (1) in accordance with the requirements in sub. (2). Water supplier suppliers for public water systems that exceed the lead action level shall sample the tap water of any customer who requests it in accordance with sub. (3). SECTION 96.
NR 809.546 (1) (a) 1. is amended to read: NR 809.546 (1) (a) 1. IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT LEAD IN YOUR DRINKING WATER. [INSERT NAME OF WATER public water SYSTEM] found elevated levels of lead in drinking water in some homes or buildings. Lead can cause serious health problems, especially for pregnant women and young children. Please read this information closely to see what you can do to reduce lead in your drinking water.
SECTION 97.
NR 809.546 (2) (a) 1. is amended to read: NR 809.546 (2) (a) 1. Deliver printed materials meeting the content requirements of par. (a) sub (1) to all bill-paying customers.
SECTION 98.
NR 809.546 (2) (a) 2. a, b, and c are amended to read: NR 809.546 (2) (a) 2. a. Delivering education materials that meet the content requirements of sub. (1) to local public health agencies even if they are not located within the public water system’s service area, along with an informational notice that encourages distribution to all the organization’s potentially affected customers or community water system’s users. The water supplier shall contact the local public health agencies directly by phone or in person. The local public health agencies may provide a specific list of additional community based organizations serving target populations, which may include organizations outside the service area of the public water system. If such lists are provided, water suppliers shall deliver education materials that meet the content requirements of sub. (1), along with an informational notice that encourages distribution to all the organization’s potentially affected customers or community water system’s users to all organizations on the provided lists.
NR 809.546 (2) (a) 2.b. Delivering materials that meet the content requirements of sub. (1) to organizations that are located within the public water system’s service area such as public and private schools or school boards, Women, Infants and Children (WIC) and Head Start programs, public and private hospitals and medical clinics, pediatricians, family planning clinics, and local welfare agencies along with an informational notice that encourages distribution to all the organization’s potentially affected customers or community water system’s users.
