AB957: Bill Text

AB957,1,2 An Act to create 134.985 of the statutes; relating to: consumer data protection and providing a penalty.

Analysis by the Legislative Reference Bureau

This bill establishes requirements for controllers and processors of the personal data of consumers. The bill defines a “controller” as a person that, alone or jointly with others, determines the purpose and means of processing personal data, and the bill applies to controllers that control or process the personal data of at least 100,000 consumers or that control or process the personal data of at least 25,000 consumers and derive over 50 percent of their gross revenue from the sale of personal data. Under the bill, “personal data” means any information that is linked or reasonably linkable to an individual except for publicly available information.

The bill provides consumers with the following rights regarding their personal data: 1) to confirm whether a controller is processing the consumer's personal data and to access the personal data; 2) to correct inaccuracies in the consumer's personal data; 3) to require a controller to delete personal data provided by or about the consumer; 4) to obtain a copy of the personal data that the consumer previously provided to the controller; and 5) to opt out of the processing of the consumer's personal data for targeted advertising; the sale of the consumer's personal data; and certain forms of automated processing of the consumer's personal data. These rights are subject to certain exceptions specified in the bill. Controllers may not discriminate against a consumer for exercising rights under the bill, including by charging different prices for goods or providing a different level of quality of goods or services.

The bill requires controllers to respond to consumers' requests to invoke rights under the bill without undue delay. If a controller declines to take action regarding a consumer's request, the controller must inform the consumer of its justification without undue delay. The bill also requires that information provided in response to a consumer's request be provided free of charge up to twice annually per consumer. Controllers must also establish processes for consumers to appeal a refusal to take action on a consumer's request. Within 60 days of receiving an appeal, a controller must inform the consumer in writing of any action taken or not taken in response to the appeal, including a written explanation of the reasons for its decisions. If the appeal is denied, the controller must provide the consumer with a method through which the consumer can contact the attorney general to submit a complaint.

Under the bill, a controller must provide consumers with a privacy notice that discloses the categories of personal data processed by the controller; the purpose of processing the personal data; the categories of third parties, if any, with whom the controller shares personal data; the categories of personal data that the controller shares with third parties; and information about how consumers may exercise their rights under the bill. Controllers may not collect or process personal data for purposes that are not relevant to or reasonably necessary for the purposes disclosed in the privacy notice. The bill's requirements do not restrict a controller's ability to collect, use, or retain data for conducting internal research, effectuating a product recall, identifying and repairing technical errors, or performing internal operations that are reasonably aligned with consumer expectations or reasonably anticipated on the basis of a consumer's relationship with the controller.

Persons that process personal data on behalf of a controller must adhere to a contract between the controller and the processor, and such contracts must satisfy certain requirements specified in the bill. The bill also requires controllers to conduct data protection assessments related to certain activities, including processing personal data for targeted advertising, selling personal data, processing personal data for profiling purposes, and processing sensitive data, as defined in the bill. The attorney general may request that a controller disclose a data protection assessment that is relevant to an investigation being conducted by the attorney general.

The attorney general has exclusive authority to enforce violations of the bill's requirements. A controller or processor that violates the bill's requirements is subject to a forfeiture of up to $7,500 per violation, and the attorney general may recover reasonable investigation and litigation expenses incurred. Before bringing an action to enforce the bill's requirements, the attorney general must first provide a controller or processor with a written notice identifying the violations. If within 30 days of receiving the notice the controller or processor cures the violation and provides the attorney general with an express written statement that the violation is cured and that no further violations will occur, then the attorney general may not bring an action against the controller or processor. The bill also prohibits cities, villages, towns, and counties from enacting or enforcing ordinances that regulate the collection, processing, or sale of personal data.

For further information see the state fiscal estimate, which will be printed as an appendix to this bill.

The people of the state of Wisconsin, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows:

AB957,1 Section 1. 134.985 of the statutes is created to read:

AB957,3,2 134.985 Consumer data protection. (1) Definitions. In this section:

AB957,3,9 (a) “Affiliate” means a legal entity that controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with another legal entity or shares common branding with another legal entity. For the purposes of this definition, “control" or “controlled" means ownership of, or the power to vote, more than 50 percent of the outstanding shares of any class of voting security of a company; control in any manner over the election of a majority of the directors or of individuals exercising similar functions; or the power to exercise controlling influence over the management of a company.

AB957,3,12 (b) “Authenticate" means verifying through reasonable means that the consumer, entitled to exercise his or her consumer rights under sub. (2), is the same consumer exercising such consumer rights with respect to the personal data at issue.

AB957,3,19 (c) “Biometric data" means data generated by automatic measurements of an individual's biological characteristics, such as a fingerprint, voiceprint, eye retinas, irises, or other unique biological patterns or characteristics that are used to identify a specific individual. “Biometric data" does not include a physical or digital photograph, a video or audio recording or data generated therefrom, or information collected, used, or stored for health care treatment, payment, or operations under the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996.

AB957,3,20 (d) “Business associate” has the meaning given in 45 CFR 160.103.

AB957,3,21 (e) “Child” means an individual younger than 13 years of age.

AB957,4,4 (f) “Consent" means a clear affirmative act signifying a consumer's freely given, specific, informed, and unambiguous agreement to process personal data relating to the consumer. “Consent” may include a written statement, including a statement written by electronic means, or any other unambiguous affirmative action.

AB957,4,7 (g) “Consumer" means an individual who is a resident of this state acting only in an individual or household context. “Consumer" does not include an individual acting in a commercial or employment context.

AB957,4,9 (h) “Controller" means a person that, alone or jointly with others, determines the purpose and means of processing personal data.

AB957,4,10 (i) “Covered entity” has the meaning given in 45 CFR 160.103.

AB957,4,15 (j) “Decisions that produce legal or similarly significant effects concerning a consumer" means a decision made by a controller that results in the provision or denial by the controller of financial and lending services, housing, insurance, education enrollment, criminal justice, employment opportunities, health care services, or access to basic necessities, such as food and water.

AB957,4,17 (k) “Deidentified data" means data that cannot reasonably be linked to an identified or identifiable individual, or a device linked to such person.

AB957,4,19 (L) “Identified or identifiable individual" means a person who can be readily identified, directly or indirectly.

AB957,4,20 (m) “Institution of higher education” has the meaning given in s. 39.32 (1) (a).

AB957,4,23 (n) “Nonprofit organization" means any corporation organized under ch. 181 or any organization exempt from taxation under section 501 (c) (3), (6), or (12) of the Internal Revenue Code.

AB957,5,3 (o) “Personal data" means any information that is linked or reasonably linkable to an identified or identifiable individual. “Personal data" does not include deidentified data or publicly available information.

AB957,5,9 (p) “Precise geolocation data" means information derived from technology, including global positioning system level latitude and longitude coordinates or other mechanisms, that directly identifies the specific location of an individual with precision and accuracy within a radius of 1,750 feet. “Precise geolocation data" does not include the content of communications or any data generated by or connected to advanced utility metering infrastructure systems or equipment for use by a utility.

AB957,5,13 (q) “Process" or “processing" means any operation or set of operations performed, whether by manual or automated means, on personal data or on sets of personal data, such as the collection, use, storage, disclosure, analysis, deletion, or modification of personal data.

AB957,5,15 (r) “Processor” means an individual or person that processes personal data on behalf of a controller.

AB957,5,19 (s) “Profiling" means any form of automated processing performed on personal data to evaluate, analyze, or predict personal aspects related to an identified or identifiable individual's economic situation, health, personal preferences, interests, reliability, behavior, location, or movements.

AB957,5,24 (t) “Pseudonymous data" means personal data that cannot be attributed to a specific individual without the use of additional information, provided that such additional information is kept separately and is subject to appropriate technical and organizational measures to ensure that the personal data is not attributed to an identified or identifiable individual.

AB957,6,6 (u) “Publicly available information" means information that is lawfully made available through federal, state, or local government records, or information that a business has a reasonable basis to believe is lawfully made available to the general public through widely distributed media, by the consumer, or by a person to whom the consumer has disclosed the information, unless the consumer has restricted the information to a specific audience.

AB957,6,9 (v) “Sale of personal data" means the exchange of personal data for monetary consideration by the controller to a 3rd party. “Sale of personal data" does not include any of the following:

AB957,6,11 1. The disclosure of personal data to a processor that processes the personal data on behalf of the controller.

AB957,6,13 2. The disclosure of personal data to a 3rd party for purposes of providing a product or service requested by the consumer.

AB957,6,14 3. The disclosure or transfer of personal data to an affiliate of the controller.

AB957,6,17 4. The disclosure of information that a consumer intentionally made available to the general public via a channel of mass media and did not restrict to a specific audience.

AB957,6,20 5. The disclosure or transfer of personal data to a 3rd party as an asset that is part of a merger, acquisition, bankruptcy, or other transaction in which the 3rd party assumes control of all or part of the controller's assets.

AB957,6,21 (w) “Sensitive data” includes the following:

AB957,6,23 1. Personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, religious beliefs, mental or physical health diagnosis, sexual orientation, or citizenship or immigration status.

AB957,6,25 2. The processing of genetic or biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying an individual.

AB957,7,1 3. The personal data collected from a known child.

AB957,7,2 4. Precise geolocation data.

AB957,7,7 (x) “Targeted advertising" means displaying advertisements to a consumer where the advertisement is selected based on personal data obtained from that consumer's activities over time and across nonaffiliated websites or online applications to predict such consumer's preferences or interests. “Targeted advertising" does not include any of the following:

AB957,7,9 1. Advertisements based on activities within a controller's own websites or online applications.

AB957,7,11 2. Advertisements based on the context of a consumer's current search query, visit to a website, or online application.

AB957,7,13 3. Advertisements directed to a consumer in response to the consumer's request for information or feedback.

AB957,7,15 4. Processing personal data processed solely for measuring or reporting advertising performance, reach, or frequency.

AB957,7,20 (y) “Third party” means a person or association, authority, board, department, commission, independent agency, institution, office, society, or other body in state or local government created or authorized to be created by the constitution or any law, other than a consumer, controller, processor, or an affiliate of the processor or the controller.

AB957,8,2 (2) Personal data rights; consumers. (a) A consumer may invoke the consumer rights authorized under this subsection at any time by submitting a request to a controller specifying the consumer rights the consumer wishes to invoke. A known child's parent or legal guardian may invoke such consumer rights on behalf of the child regarding processing personal data belonging to the known child. A controller shall comply with an authenticated consumer request to exercise any of the following rights:

AB957,8,4 1. To confirm whether or not a controller is processing the consumer's personal data and to access such personal data.

AB957,8,7 2. To correct inaccuracies in the consumer's personal data, taking into account the nature of the personal data and the purposes of the processing of the consumer's personal data.

AB957,8,8 3. To delete personal data provided by or obtained about the consumer.

AB957,8,13 4. To obtain a copy of the consumer's personal data that the consumer previously provided to the controller in a portable and, to the extent technically feasible, readily usable format that allows the consumer to transmit the data to another controller without hindrance, where the processing is carried out by automated means.

AB957,8,16 5. To opt out of the processing of the personal data for purposes of targeted advertising, the sale of personal data, or profiling in furtherance of decisions that produce legal or similarly significant effects concerning the consumer.

AB957,8,19 (b) 1. Except as otherwise provided in this section, a controller shall comply with a request by a consumer to exercise the consumer rights authorized under par. (a).

AB957,8,25 2. A controller shall respond to a consumer without undue delay, but in all cases within 45 days of receipt of a request submitted under par. (a). The response period may be extended once by 45 additional days when reasonably necessary, taking into account the complexity and number of the consumer's requests, so long as the controller informs the consumer of any such extension within the initial 45-day response period, together with the reason for the extension.

AB957,9,4 3. If a controller declines to take action regarding a consumer's request, the controller shall inform the consumer without undue delay, but in all cases and at the latest within 45 days of receipt of the request, of the justification for declining to take action and instructions for how to appeal the decision under par. (c).

AB957,9,11 4. Information provided in response to a consumer request shall be provided by a controller free of charge, up to twice annually per consumer. If requests from a consumer are manifestly unfounded, excessive, or repetitive, the controller may charge the consumer a reasonable fee to cover the administrative costs of complying with the request or decline to act on the request. The controller bears the burden of demonstrating the manifestly unfounded, excessive, or repetitive nature of the request.

AB957,9,16 5. If a controller is unable to authenticate the request using commercially reasonable efforts, the controller may not be required to comply with a request to initiate an action under par. (a) and may request that the consumer provide additional information reasonably necessary to authenticate the consumer and the consumer's request.

AB957,9,24 (c) A controller shall establish a process for a consumer to appeal the controller's refusal to take action on a request within a reasonable period of time after the consumer's receipt of the decision pursuant to par. (b) 3. The appeal process shall be conspicuously available and similar to the process for submitting requests to initiate action under par. (a). Within 60 days of receipt of an appeal, a controller shall inform the consumer in writing of any action taken or not taken in response to the appeal, including a written explanation of the reasons for the decisions. If the appeal is denied, the controller shall also provide the consumer with an online mechanism, if available, or other method through which the consumer may contact the attorney general to submit a complaint.

AB957,10,6 (3) Data controller responsibilities; transparency. (a) 1. A controller shall limit the collection of personal data to what is adequate, relevant, and reasonably necessary in relation to the purposes for which such data is processed, as disclosed to the consumer.

AB957,10,10 2. Except as otherwise provided in this section, a controller may not process personal data for purposes that are not reasonably necessary to and not compatible with the disclosed purposes for which such personal data is processed, as disclosed to the consumer, unless the controller obtains the consumer's consent.

AB957,10,14 3. A controller shall establish, implement, and maintain reasonable administrative, technical, and physical data security practices to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and accessibility of personal data. Such data security practices shall be appropriate to the volume and nature of the personal data at issue.

AB957,11,2 4. A controller may not process personal data in violation of state and federal laws that prohibit unlawful discrimination against consumers. A controller may not discriminate against a consumer for exercising any of the consumer rights contained in this section, including denying goods or services, charging different prices or rates for goods or services, or providing a different level of quality of goods and services to the consumer. Nothing in this subdivision shall be construed to require a controller to provide a product or service that requires the personal data of a consumer that the controller does not collect or maintain, or to prohibit a controller from offering a different price, rate, level, quality, or selection of goods or services to a consumer, including offering goods or services for no fee, if the consumer has exercised his or her right to opt out under sub. (2) (a) 5. or the offer is related to a consumer's voluntary participation in a bona fide loyalty, rewards, premium features, discounts, or club card program.

AB957,11,6 5. A controller may not process sensitive data concerning a consumer without obtaining the consumer's consent, or, in the case of the processing of sensitive data concerning a known child, without processing such data in accordance with the federal Children's Online Privacy Protection Act, 15 USC 6501 et seq.

AB957,11,8 (b) Any provision of a contract or agreement that purports to waive or limit consumer rights under sub. (2) is void and unenforceable.

AB957,11,10 (c) A controller shall provide consumers with a reasonably accessible, clear, and meaningful privacy notice that includes all of the following:

AB957,11,11 1. The categories of personal data processed by the controller.

AB957,11,12 2. The purpose of processing personal data.

AB957,11,15 3. How consumers may exercise their consumer rights under sub. (2), including how a consumer may appeal a controller's decision with regard to the consumer's request.

AB957,11,17 4. The categories of personal data that the controller shares with 3rd parties, if any.

AB957,11,19 5. The categories of 3rd parties, if any, with whom the controller shares personal data.

AB957,11,23 (d) If a controller sells personal data to 3rd parties or processes personal data for targeted advertising, the controller shall clearly and conspicuously disclose such processing, as well as the manner in which a consumer may exercise the right to opt out of such processing.

AB957,12,6 (e) A controller shall establish, and shall describe in a privacy notice, one or more secure and reliable means for consumers to submit a request to exercise their consumer rights under this section. Such means shall take into account the ways in which consumers normally interact with the controller, the need for secure and reliable communication of such requests, and the ability of the controller to authenticate the identity of the consumer making the request. Controllers may not require a consumer to create a new account in order to exercise consumer rights under sub. (2) but may require a consumer to use an existing account.

AB957,12,10 (4) Responsibility according to role; controller and processor. (a) A processor shall adhere to the instructions of a controller and shall assist the controller in meeting its obligations under this section. Such assistance shall include the following:

AB957,12,14 1. Taking into account the nature of processing and the information available to the processor, by appropriate technical and organizational measures, insofar as this is reasonably practicable, to fulfill the controller's obligation to respond to consumer rights requests under sub. (2).

AB957,12,18 2. Taking into account the nature of processing and the information available to the processor, by assisting the controller in meeting the controller's obligations in relation to the security of processing the personal data and in relation to giving notice of unauthorized acquisition of personal information under s. 134.98.

AB957,12,20 3. Providing necessary information to enable the controller to conduct and document data protection assessments under sub. (5).

AB957,13,2 (b) A contract between a controller and a processor shall govern the processor's data processing procedures with respect to processing performed on behalf of the controller. The contract shall be binding and clearly set forth instructions for processing data, the nature and purpose of processing, the type of data subject to processing, the duration of processing, and the rights and obligations of both parties. The contract shall also include requirements that the processor shall do all of the following:

AB957,13,4 1. Ensure that each person processing personal data is subject to a duty of confidentiality with respect to the data.

AB957,13,7 2. At the controller's direction, delete or return all personal data to the controller as requested at the end of the provision of services, unless retention of the personal data is required by law.

AB957,13,10 3. Upon the reasonable request of the controller, make available to the controller all information in its possession necessary to demonstrate the processor's compliance with the obligations in this section.

AB957,13,11 4. At least one of the following:

AB957,13,13 a. Allow, and cooperate with, reasonable assessments by the controller or the controller's designated assessor.