94,238
Section
238. 48.981 (7) (a) 10r. of the statutes is amended to read:
48.981 (7) (a) 10r. A tribal court, or other adjudicative body authorized by a tribe or band an Indian tribe to perform child welfare functions, that exercises jurisdiction over children alleged to be in need of protection or services for use in proceedings in which an issue is the substantial risk of abuse or neglect of a child who, during the time period covered by the report or record, was in the home of the child who is the subject of the report or record.
94,239
Section
239. 48.981 (7) (a) 11m. of the statutes is amended to read:
48.981 (7) (a) 11m. An attorney representing the interests of an Indian tribe or band in proceedings under subd. 10m. or 10r., of an Indian child in proceedings under subd. 10m. or 10r. or of an Indian unborn child in proceedings under subd. 10m.
94,240
Section
240. 48.983 (1) (d) of the statutes is repealed.
94,241
Section
241. 48.983 (1) (e) of the statutes is repealed.
94,242
Section
242. 806.245 (1m) of the statutes is created to read:
806.245 (1m) The public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of any Indian tribe that are applicable to an Indian child custody proceeding, as defined in s. 48.028 (2) (d), or an Indian juvenile child custody proceeding, as defined in s. 938.028 (2) (b), shall be given full faith and credit by the state as provided in s. 48.028 (3) (f) or 938.028 (3) (f).
94,243
Section
243. 938.01 (3) of the statutes is created to read:
938.01
(3) Indian juvenile welfare;
declaration of policy. In Indian juvenile custody proceedings, the best interests of the Indian juvenile shall be determined in accordance with the federal Indian Child Welfare Act,
25 USC 1901 to
1963, and the policy specified in this subsection. It is the policy of this state for courts and agencies responsible for juvenile welfare to do all of the following:
(a) Cooperate fully with Indian tribes in order to ensure that the federal Indian Child Welfare Act is enforced in this state.
(b) Protect the best interests of Indian juveniles and promote the stability and security of Indian tribes and families by doing all of the following:
1. Establishing minimum standards for the removal of Indian juveniles from their families and the placement of those juveniles in out-of-home care placements that will reflect the unique value of Indian culture.
2. Using practices, in accordance with the federal Indian Child Welfare Act,
25 USC 1901 to
1963, this section, and other applicable law, that are designed to prevent the voluntary or involuntary out-of-home care placement of Indian juveniles and, when an out-of-home care placement is necessary, placing an Indian juvenile in a placement that reflects the unique values of the Indian juvenile's tribal culture and that is best able to assist the Indian juvenile in establishing, developing, and maintaining a political, cultural, and social relationship with the Indian juvenile's tribe and tribal community.
94,244
Section
244. 938.02 (8d) of the statutes is created to read:
938.02
(8d) "Indian" means any person who is a member of an Indian tribe or who is an Alaska native and a member of a regional corporation, as defined in
43 USC 1606.
94,245
Section
245. 938.02 (8g) of the statutes is created to read:
938.02 (8g) "Indian juvenile" means an unmarried person who is under 18 years of age and who is affiliated with an Indian tribe in any of the following ways:
(a) As a member of the Indian tribe.
(b) As a person who is eligible for membership in an Indian tribe and is the biological child of a member of an Indian tribe.
94,246
Section
246. 938.02 (8m) of the statutes is created to read:
938.02 (8m) "Indian juvenile's tribe" means one of the following:
(a) The Indian tribe in which an Indian juvenile is a member or eligible for membership.
(b) In the case of an Indian juvenile who is a member of or eligible for membership in more than one tribe, the Indian tribe with which the Indian juvenile has the more significant contacts.
94,247
Section
247. 938.02 (8p) of the statutes is created to read:
938.02 (8p) "Indian custodian" means an Indian person who has legal custody under tribal law or custom or under state law of an Indian juvenile who is the subject of an Indian juvenile custody proceeding, as defined in s. 938.028 (2) (b), or of an Indian juvenile in need of protection or services under s. 938.13 (4), (6), (6m), or (7) who is the subject of a temporary physical custody proceeding under ss. 939.19 to 938.21 or to whom temporary physical care, custody, and control has been transferred by the parent of that juvenile.
94,248
Section
248. 938.02 (8r) of the statutes is created to read:
938.02
(8r) "Indian tribe" means any Indian tribe, band, nation, or other organized group or community of Indians that is recognized as eligible for the services provided to Indians by the U.S. secretary of the interior because of Indian status, including any Alaska native village, as defined in
43 USC 1602 (c).
94,249
Section
249. 938.02 (9m) of the statutes is renumbered 938.02 (8b).
94,250
Section
250. 938.02 (10m) of the statutes is amended to read:
938.02 (10m) "Juvenile", when used without further qualification, means a person who is less than 18 years of age, except that for purposes of investigating or prosecuting a person who is alleged to have violated a state or federal criminal law or any civil law or municipal ordinance, "juvenile" does not include a person who has attained 17 years of age.
94,251
Section
251. 938.02 (12m) of the statutes is amended to read:
938.02 (12m) "Off-reservation trust land" means land in this state that is held in trust by the federal government for the benefit of a an Indian tribe or an American Indian individual and that is located outside the boundaries of a an Indian tribe's reservation.
94,252
Section
252. 938.02 (13) of the statutes is amended to read:
938.02
(13) "Parent" means
either a biological parent, a husband who has consented to the artificial insemination of his wife under s. 891.40, or a parent by adoption. If the juvenile is a nonmarital child who is not adopted or whose parents do not subsequently intermarry under s. 767.803, "parent" includes a person acknowledged under s. 767.805 or a substantially similar law of another state or adjudicated to be the biological father. "Parent" does not include any person whose parental rights have been terminated.
For purposes of the application of s. 938.028 and the federal Indian Child Welfare Act, 25 USC 1901 to 1963, "parent" means a biological parent, an Indian husband who has consented to the artificial insemination of his wife under s. 891.40, or an Indian person who has lawfully adopted an Indian juvenile, including an adoption under tribal law or custom, and includes, in the case of a nonmarital child who is not adopted or whose parents do not subsequently intermarry under s. 767.803, a person acknowledged under s. 767.805, a substantially similar law of another state, or tribal law or custom to be the biological father or a person adjudicated to be the biological father, but does not include any person whose parental rights have been terminated.
94,253
Section
253. 938.02 (15) of the statutes is amended to read:
938.02
(15) "Relative" means a parent, stepparent, brother, sister, stepbrother, stepsister, half brother, half sister, brother-in-law, sister-in-law, first cousin, 2nd cousin, nephew, niece, uncle, aunt, stepuncle, stepaunt, or any person of a preceding generation as denoted by the prefix of grand, great, or great-great, whether by blood, marriage, or legal adoption, or the spouse of any person named in this subsection, even if the marriage is terminated by death or divorce.
For purposes of the application of s. 938.028 and the federal Indian Child Welfare Act, 25 USC 1901 to 1963, "relative" includes an extended family member, as defined in s. 938.028 (2) (a), whether by blood, marriage, or adoption, including adoption under tribal law or custom.
94,254
Section
254. 938.02 (15c) of the statutes is amended to read:
938.02 (15c) "Reservation"," except as otherwise provided in s. 938.028 (2) (e), means land in this state within the boundaries of the reservation of a tribe.
94,255
Section
255. 938.02 (18g) of the statutes is repealed.
94,256
Section
256. 938.02 (18j) of the statutes is created to read:
938.02 (18j) "Tribal court" means a court that has jurisdiction over juvenile custody proceedings, and that is either a court of Indian offenses or a court established and operated under the code or custom of an Indian tribe, or any other administrative body of an Indian tribe that is vested with authority over Indian juvenile custody proceedings.
94,257
Section
257. 938.028 of the statutes is repealed and recreated to read:
938.028 Indian juvenile welfare. (1) Declaration of policy. In Indian juvenile custody proceedings, the best interests of the Indian juvenile shall be determined in accordance with the federal Indian Child Welfare Act,
25 USC 1901 to
1963, and the policy specified in s. 938.01 (3).
(2) Definitions. In this section:
(a) "Extended family member" means a person who is defined as a member of an Indian juvenile's extended family by the law or custom of the Indian juvenile's tribe or, in the absence of such a law or custom, a person who has attained the age of 18 years and who is the Indian juvenile's grandparent, aunt, uncle, brother, sister, brother-in-law, sister-in-law, niece, nephew, first cousin, 2nd cousin, or stepparent.
(b) "Indian juvenile custody proceeding" means a proceeding under s. 938.13 (4), (6), (6m), or (7) that is governed by the federal Indian Child Welfare Act,
25 USC 1901 to
1963, in which an out-of-home care placement may occur.
(c) "Out-of-home care placement" means the removal of an Indian juvenile from the home of his or her parent or Indian custodian for temporary placement in a foster home, treatment foster home, group home, residential care center for children and youth, or shelter care facility, in the home of a relative other than a parent, or in the home of a guardian, from which placement the parent or Indian custodian cannot have the juvenile returned upon demand. "Out-of-home care placement" does not include holding an Indian juvenile in custody under ss. 938.19 to 938.21.
(d) "Qualified expert witness" means a person who is any of the following:
1. A member of the Indian juvenile's tribe recognized by the Indian juvenile's tribal community as knowledgeable regarding the tribe's customs relating to family organization or child-rearing practices.
2. A member of another tribe who is knowledgeable regarding the customs of the Indian juvenile's tribe relating to family organization or child-rearing practices.
3. A professional person having substantial education and experience in the person's professional specialty and having substantial knowledge of the customs, traditions, and values of the Indian juvenile's tribe relating to family organization and child-rearing practices.
4. A layperson having substantial experience in the delivery of juvenile and family services to Indians and substantial knowledge of the prevailing social and cultural standards and child-rearing practices of the Indian juvenile's tribe.
(e) "Reservation" means Indian country, as defined in
18 USC 1151, or any land not covered under that section to which title is either held by the United States in trust for the benefit of an Indian tribe or individual or held by an Indian tribe or individual, subject to a restriction by the United States against alienation.
(3) Jurisdiction over Indian juvenile custody proceedings. (a)
Applicability. This section and the federal Indian Child Welfare Act,
25 USC 1901 to
1963, apply to any Indian juvenile custody proceeding regardless of whether the Indian juvenile is in the legal custody or physical custody of an Indian parent, Indian custodian, extended family member, or other person at the commencement of the proceeding and whether the Indian juvenile resides or is domiciled on or off of a reservation. A court assigned to exercise jurisdiction under this chapter may not determine whether this section and the federal Indian Child Welfare Act,
25 USC 1901 to
1963, apply to an Indian juvenile custody proceeding based on whether the Indian juvenile is part of an existing Indian family.
(b) Exclusive tribal jurisdiction. 1. An Indian tribe shall have exclusive jurisdiction over any Indian juvenile custody proceeding involving an Indian juvenile who resides or is domiciled within the reservation of the tribe, except when that jurisdiction is otherwise vested in the state by federal law and except as provided in subd. 2. If an Indian juvenile is a ward of a tribal court, the Indian tribe shall retain exclusive jurisdiction regardless of the residence or domicile of the juvenile.
2. Subdivision 1. does not prevent an Indian juvenile who resides or is domiciled within a reservation, but who is temporarily located off the reservation, from being taken into and held in custody under ss. 938.19 to 938.21 in order to prevent imminent physical harm or damage to the Indian juvenile. The person taking the Indian juvenile into custody or the intake worker shall immediately release the Indian juvenile from custody upon determining that holding the Indian juvenile in custody is no longer necessary to prevent imminent physical damage or harm to the Indian juvenile and shall expeditiously restore the Indian juvenile to his or her parent or Indian custodian, release the Indian juvenile to an appropriate official of the Indian juvenile's tribe, or initiate an Indian juvenile custody proceeding, as may be appropriate.
(c) Transfer of proceedings to tribe. In any Indian juvenile custody proceeding under this chapter involving an out-of-home placement of an Indian juvenile who is not residing or domiciled within the reservation of the Indian juvenile's tribe, the court assigned to exercise jurisdiction under this chapter shall, upon the petition of the Indian juvenile's parent, Indian custodian, or tribe, transfer the proceeding to the jurisdiction of the tribe unless any of the following applies:
1. A parent of the Indian juvenile objects to the transfer.
2. The Indian juvenile's tribe does not have a tribal court, or the tribal court of the Indian juvenile's tribe declines jurisdiction.
3. The court determines that good cause exists to deny the transfer. In determining whether good cause exists to deny the transfer, the court may not consider any perceived inadequacy of the tribal social services department or the tribal court of the Indian juvenile's tribe. The court may determine that good cause exists to deny the transfer only if the person opposing the transfer shows by clear and convincing evidence that any of the following applies:
a. The Indian juvenile is 12 years of age or over and objects to the transfer.
b. The evidence or testimony necessary to decide the case cannot be presented in tribal court without undue hardship to the parties or the witnesses and that the tribal court is unable to mitigate the hardship by making arrangements to receive the evidence or testimony by use of telephone or live audiovisual means, by hearing the evidence or testimony at a location that is convenient to the parties and witnesses, or by use of other means permissible under the tribal court's rules of evidence.
c. The Indian juvenile's tribe received notice of the proceeding under sub. (4) (a), the tribe has not indicated to the court in writing that the tribe is monitoring the proceeding and may request a transfer at a later date, the petition for transfer is filed by the tribe, and the petition for transfer is filed more than 6 months after the tribe received notice of the proceeding.
(d) Declination of jurisdiction. If the court assigned to exercise jurisdiction under this chapter determines that the petitioner in an Indian juvenile custody proceeding has improperly removed the Indian juvenile from the custody of his or her parent or Indian custodian or has improperly retained custody of the Indian juvenile after a visit or other temporary relinquishment of custody, the court shall decline jurisdiction over the petition and immediately return the Indian juvenile to the custody of the parent or Indian custodian, unless the court determines that returning the Indian juvenile to his or her parent or Indian custodian would subject the Indian juvenile to substantial and immediate danger or the threat of that danger.
(e) Intervention. An Indian juvenile's Indian custodian or tribe may intervene at any point in an Indian juvenile custody proceeding under this chapter.
(f) Full faith and credit. The state shall give full faith and credit to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of any Indian tribe that are applicable to an Indian juvenile custody proceeding to the same extent that the state gives full faith and credit to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of any other governmental entity.
(4) Court proceedings. (a) Notice. In any involuntary proceeding under s. 938.13 (4), (6), (6m), or (7) involving the out-of-home care placement of a juvenile whom the court knows or has reason to know is an Indian juvenile, the party seeking the out-of-home care placement shall, for the first hearing of the proceeding, notify the Indian juvenile's parent, Indian custodian, and tribe, by registered mail, return receipt requested, of the pending proceeding and of their right to intervene in the proceeding and shall file the return receipt with the court. Notice of subsequent hearings in a proceeding shall be in writing and may be given by mail, personal delivery, or facsimile transmission, but not by electronic mail. If the identity or location of the Indian juvenile's parent, Indian custodian, or tribe cannot be determined, that notice shall be given to the U.S. secretary of the interior in like manner. The first hearing in the proceeding may not be held until at least 10 days after receipt of the notice by the parent, Indian custodian, and tribe or until at least 15 days after receipt of the notice by the U.S. secretary of the interior. On request of the parent, Indian custodian, or tribe, the court shall grant a continuance of up to 20 additional days to enable the requester to prepare for that hearing.
(b) Appointment of counsel. Whenever an Indian juvenile is the subject of a proceeding under s. 938.13 (4), (6), (6m), or (7) involving the removal of the Indian juvenile from the home of his or her parent or Indian custodian or the placement of the Indian juvenile in an out-of-home care placement, the Indian juvenile's parent or Indian custodian shall have the right to be represented by court-appointed counsel as provided in s. 938.23 (2g). The court may also, in its discretion, appoint counsel for the Indian juvenile under s. 938.23 (1m) or (3) if the court finds that the appointment is in the best interests of the Indian juvenile.
(c) Examination of reports and other documents. Each party to a proceeding under s. 938.13 (4), (6), (6m), or (7) involving the out-of-home care placement of an Indian juvenile shall have the right to examine all reports or other documents filed with the court upon which any decision with respect to the out-of-home care placement may be based.
(d) Out-of-home care placement; serious damage and active efforts. The court may not order an Indian juvenile who is in need of protection or services under s. 938.13 (4), (6), (6m), or (7) to be removed from the home of the Indian juvenile's parent or Indian custodian and placed in an out-of-home care placement unless all of the following occur:
1. The court finds by clear and convincing evidence, including the testimony of one or more qualified expert witnesses chosen in the order of preference listed in par. (e), that continued custody of the Indian juvenile by the parent or Indian custodian is likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the juvenile.
2. The court finds by clear and convincing evidence that active efforts, as described in par. (f) 1., have been made to provide remedial services and rehabilitation programs designed to prevent the breakup of the Indian juvenile's family and that those efforts have proved unsuccessful. The court shall make that finding notwithstanding that a circumstance specified in s. 938.355 (2d) (b) 1. to 4. applies.
(e) Qualified expert witness; order of preference. 1. Any party to a proceeding under s. 938.13 (4), (6), (6m), or (7) involving the out-of-home placement of an Indian juvenile may call a qualified expert witness. Subject to subd. 2., a qualified expert witness shall be chosen in the following order of preference:
a. A member of the Indian juvenile's tribe described in sub. (2) (d) 1.
b. A member of another tribe described in sub. (2) (d) 2.
c. A professional person described in sub. (2) (d) 3.
d. A layperson described in sub. (2) (d) 4.
2. A qualified expert witness from a lower order of preference may be chosen only if the party calling the qualified expert witness shows that it has made a diligent effort to secure the attendance of a qualified expert witness from a higher order of preference. A qualified expert witness from a lower order of preference may not be chosen solely because a qualified expert witness from a higher order of preference is able to participate in the Indian juvenile custody proceeding only by telephone or live audiovisual means as prescribed in s. 807.13 (2). The fact that a qualified expert witness called by one party is from a lower order of preference under subd. 1. than a qualified expert witness called by another party may not be the sole consideration in weighing the testimony and opinions of the qualified expert witnesses. In weighing the testimony of all witnesses, the court shall consider as paramount the best interests of the Indian juvenile as provided in s. 938.01 (3). The court shall determine the qualifications of a qualified expert witness as provided in ch. 907.
(f) Active efforts standard. 1. The court may not order an Indian juvenile to be removed from the home of the Indian juvenile's parent or Indian custodian and placed in an out-of-home care placement unless the evidence of active efforts under par. (d) 2. shows that there has been an ongoing, vigorous, and concerted level of case work and that the active efforts were made in a manner that takes into account the prevailing social and cultural values, conditions, and way of life of the Indian juvenile's tribe and that utilizes the available resources of the Indian juvenile's tribe, tribal and other Indian child welfare agencies, extended family members of the Indian juvenile, other individual Indian caregivers, and other culturally appropriate service providers. The court's consideration of whether active efforts were made under par. (d) 2. shall include whether all of the following activities were conducted:
a. Representatives designated by the Indian juvenile's tribe with substantial knowledge of the prevailing social and cultural standards and child-rearing practices within the tribal community were requested to evaluate the circumstances of the Indian juvenile's family and to assist in developing a case plan that uses the resources of the tribe and of the Indian community, including traditional and customary support, actions, and services, to address those circumstances.
am. A comprehensive assessment of the situation of the Indian juvenile's family was completed, including a determination of the likelihood of protecting the Indian juvenile's health, safety, and welfare effectively in the Indian juvenile's home.
b. Representatives of the Indian juvenile's tribe were identified, notified, and invited to participate in all aspects of the Indian juvenile custody proceeding at the earliest possible point in the proceeding and their advice was actively solicited throughout the proceeding.
c. Extended family members of the Indian juvenile, including extended family members who were identified by the Indian juvenile's tribe or parents, were notified and consulted with to identify and provide family structure and support for the Indian juvenile, to assure cultural connections, and to serve as placement resources for the Indian juvenile.
d. Arrangements were made to provide natural and unsupervised family interaction in the most natural setting that can ensure the Indian juvenile's safety, as appropriate to the goals of the Indian juvenile's permanency plan, including arrangements for transportation and other assistance to enable family members to participate in that interaction.
e. All available family preservation strategies were offered or employed and the involvement of the Indian juvenile's tribe was requested to identify those strategies and to ensure that those strategies are culturally appropriate to the Indian juvenile's tribe.
f. Community resources offering housing, financial, and transportation assistance and in-home support services, in-home intensive treatment services, community support services, and specialized services for members of the Indian juvenile's family with special needs were identified, information about those resources was provided to the Indian juvenile's family, and the Indian juvenile's family was actively assisted or offered active assistance in accessing those resources.
g. Monitoring of client progress and client participation in services was provided.
h. A consideration of alternative ways of addressing the needs of the Indian juvenile's family was provided, if services did not exist or if existing services were not available to the family.
