AB485: Bill Text

AB485, s. 35 Section 35. 48.657 (1) (intro.) of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,16,5 48.657 (1) (intro.) The department shall provide each day child care center that holds a license under s. 48.65 (1) or a probationary license under s. 48.69 with an annual report that includes the following information:

AB485, s. 36 Section 36. 48.657 (1) (a) of the statutes, as affected by 2009 Wisconsin Act 19, is amended to read:

AB485,16,11 48.657 (1) (a) Violations of statutes, rules promulgated by the department under s. 48.658 (4) (a) or 48.67, or provisions of licensure under s. 48.70 (1) by the day child care center. In providing information under this paragraph, the department may not disclose the identity of any employee of the day child care center.

AB485, s. 37 Section 37. 48.657 (1) (b) of the statutes, as affected by 2009 Wisconsin Act 19, is amended to read:

AB485,16,17 48.657 (1) (b) A telephone number at the department that a person may call to complain of any alleged violation of a statute, rule promulgated by the department under s. 48.658 (4) (a) or 48.67, or provision of licensure under s. 48.70 (1) by the day child care center.

AB485, s. 38 Section 38. 48.657 (1) (c) of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,16,20 48.657 (1) (c) The results of the most recent inspection of the day child care center under s. 48.73.

AB485, s. 39 Section 39. 48.657 (2) of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,16,25 48.657 (2) A day child care center shall post the report under sub. (1) next to the day child care center's license or probationary license in a place where the report and the inspection results can be seen by parents, guardians, or legal custodians during the day child care center's hours of operation.

AB485, s. 40 Section 40. 48.657 (2g) of the statutes, as affected by 2009 Wisconsin Act 19, is amended to read:

AB485,17,7 48.657 (2g) If the report under sub. (1) indicates that the day child care center is in violation of a statute, a rule promulgated by the department under s. 48.658 (4) (a) or 48.67, or a provision of licensure under s. 48.70 (1), the day child care center shall post with the report any notices received from the department relating to that violation.

AB485, s. 41 Section 41. 48.657 (2m) of the statutes, as created by 2009 Wisconsin Act 28, is amended to read:

AB485,17,13 48.657 (2m) The department shall make available on the department's Internet site, as part of the department's licensed day child care center search database, a specific description of any violation described in sub. (1) and a description of any steps taken by the day child care center to correct the violation.

AB485, s. 42 Section 42. 48.657 (2r) of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,17,22 48.657 (2r) Each day child care center that receives a report under sub. (1) shall make available to a parent, guardian, or legal custodian of a child who is receiving, or who is a prospective recipient of, care and supervision from the day child care center the reports under sub. (1) from the previous 2 years and any notices received from the department relating to any violations identified in those reports. In providing information under this subsection, a day child care center may withhold any information that would disclose the identity of an employee of the day child care center.

AB485, s. 43 Section 43. 48.657 (3) of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,18,3 48.657 (3) The department may require a day child care center to provide to the department any information that is necessary for the department to prepare the report under sub. (1).

AB485, s. 44 Section 44. 48.658 (1) (a) of the statutes, as created by 2009 Wisconsin Act 19, is amended to read:

AB485,18,8 48.658 (1) (a) "Child care provider" means a day child care center that is licensed under s. 48.65 (1), a day child care provider that is certified under s. 48.651, or a day child care program that is established or contracted for under s. 120.13 (14).

AB485, s. 45 Section 45. Subchapter XVI (title) of chapter 48 [precedes 48.66] of the statutes, as affected by 2009 Wisconsin Act 28, is amended to read:

AB485,18,11 chapter 48

AB485,18,12 Subchapter xvi

AB485,18,17 Licensing procedures and requirements for child welfare agencies, foster homes, group homes, day child care centers, and county departments

AB485, s. 46 Section 46. 48.66 (1) (a) of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,19,3 48.66 (1) (a) Except as provided in s. 48.715 (6) and (7), the department shall license and supervise child welfare agencies, as required by s. 48.60, group homes, as required by s. 48.625, shelter care facilities, as required by s. 938.22, and day child care centers, as required by s. 48.65. The department may license foster homes or treatment foster homes, as provided by s. 48.62, and may license and supervise county departments in accordance with the procedures specified in this section and in ss. 48.67 to 48.74. In the discharge of this duty the department may inspect the records and visit the premises of all child welfare agencies, group homes, shelter care facilities, and day child care centers and visit the premises of all foster homes and treatment foster homes in which children are placed.

AB485, s. 47 Section 47. 48.66 (1) (a) of the statutes, as affected by 2009 Wisconsin Acts 28 and .... (this act), is repealed and recreated to read:

AB485,19,14 48.66 (1) (a) Except as provided in s. 48.715 (6) and (7), the department shall license and supervise child welfare agencies, as required by s. 48.60, group homes, as required by s. 48.625, shelter care facilities, as required by s. 938.22, and child care centers, as required by s. 48.65. The department may license foster homes, as provided by s. 48.62, and may license and supervise county departments in accordance with the procedures specified in this section and in ss. 48.67 to 48.74. In the discharge of this duty the department may inspect the records and visit the premises of all child welfare agencies, group homes, shelter care facilities, and child care centers and visit the premises of all foster homes in which children are placed.

AB485, s. 48 Section 48. 48.66 (2) of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,19,25 48.66 (2) The department shall prescribe application forms to be used by all applicants for licenses from it. The application forms prescribed by the department shall require that the social security numbers of all applicants for a license to operate a child welfare agency, group home, shelter care facility, or day child care center who are individuals, other than an individual who does not have a social security number and who submits a statement made or subscribed under oath or affirmation as required under sub. (2m) (a) 2., be provided and that the federal employer identification numbers of all applicants for a license to operate a child welfare agency, group home, shelter care facility, or day child care center who are not individuals be provided.

AB485, s. 49 Section 49. 48.66 (2m) (a) 1. of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,20,9 48.66 (2m) (a) 1. Except as provided in subd. 2., the department shall require each applicant for a license under sub. (1) (a) to operate a child welfare agency, group home, shelter care facility, or day child care center who is an individual to provide that department with the applicant's social security number, and shall require each applicant for a license under sub. (1) (a) to operate a child welfare agency, group home, shelter care facility, or day child care center who is not an individual to provide that department with the applicant's federal employer identification number, when initially applying for or applying to continue the license.

AB485, s. 50 Section 50. 48.66 (2m) (b) of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,20,18 48.66 (2m) (b) If an applicant who is an individual fails to provide the applicant's social security number to the department or if an applicant who is not an individual fails to provide the applicant's federal employer identification number to the department, that department may not issue or continue a license under sub. (1) (a) to operate a child welfare agency, group home, shelter care facility, or day child care center to or for the applicant unless the applicant is an individual who does not have a social security number and the applicant submits a statement made or subscribed under oath or affirmation as required under par. (a) 2.

AB485, s. 51 Section 51. 48.66 (5) of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,21,8 48.66 (5) A child welfare agency, group home, day child care center, or shelter care facility license, other than a probationary license, is valid until revoked or suspended, but shall be reviewed every 2 years after the date of issuance as provided in this subsection. At least 30 days prior to the continuation date of the license, the licensee shall submit to the department an application for continuance of the license in the form and containing the information that the department requires. If the minimum requirements for a license established under s. 48.67 are met, the application is approved, the applicable fees referred to in ss. 48.68 (1) and 48.685 (8) are paid, and any forfeiture under s. 48.715 (3) (a) or penalty under s. 48.76 that is due is paid, the department shall continue the license for an additional 2-year period, unless sooner suspended or revoked. If the application is not timely filed, the department shall issue a warning to the licensee. If the licensee fails to apply for continuance of the license within 30 days after receipt of the warning, the department may revoke the license as provided in s. 48.715 (4) and (4m) (b).

AB485, s. 52 Section 52. 48.67 (intro.) of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,21,20 48.67 Rules governing child welfare agencies, day child care centers, foster homes, treatment foster homes, group homes, shelter care facilities, and county departments. (intro.) The department shall promulgate rules establishing minimum requirements for the issuance of licenses to, and establishing standards for the operation of, child welfare agencies, day child care centers, foster homes, treatment foster homes, group homes, shelter care facilities, and county departments. Those rules shall be designed to protect and promote the health, safety, and welfare of the children in the care of all licensees. The department shall consult with the department of commerce, the department of public instruction, and the child abuse and neglect prevention board before promulgating those rules. Those rules shall include rules that require all of the following:

AB485, s. 53 Section 53. 48.67 (intro.) of the statutes, as affected by 2009 Wisconsin Acts 28 and .... (this act), is repealed and recreated to read:

AB485,22,9 48.67 Rules governing child welfare agencies, child care centers, foster homes, group homes, shelter care facilities, and county departments. (intro.) The department shall promulgate rules establishing minimum requirements for the issuance of licenses to, and establishing standards for the operation of, child welfare agencies, child care centers, foster homes, group homes, shelter care facilities, and county departments. Those rules shall be designed to protect and promote the health, safety, and welfare of the children in the care of all licensees. The department shall consult with the department of commerce, the department of public instruction, and the child abuse and neglect prevention board before promulgating those rules. For foster homes, those rules shall include the rules promulgated under s. 48.62 (8). Those rules shall include rules that require all of the following:

AB485, s. 54 Section 54. 48.67 (1) of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,22,16 48.67 (1) That all day child care center licensees, and all employees and volunteers of a day child care center, who provide care and supervision for children under one year of age receive, before the date on which the license is issued or the employment or volunteer work commences, whichever is applicable, training in the most current medically accepted methods of preventing sudden infant death syndrome.

AB485, s. 55 Section 55. 48.67 (2) of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,22,23 48.67 (2) That all day child care center licensees, and all employees and volunteers of a day child care center, who provide care and supervision for children under 5 years of age receive, before the date on which the license is issued or the employment or volunteer work commences, whichever is applicable, the training relating to shaken baby syndrome and impacted babies required under s. 253.15 (4) (a) or (c).

AB485, s. 56 Section 56. 48.67 (3) (a) of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,23,6 48.67 (3) (a) That all day child care center licensees, and all employees of a day child care center, who provide care and supervision for children have current proficiency in the use of an automated external defibrillator, as defined in s. 146.50 256.15 (1) (cr), achieved through instruction provided by an individual, organization, or institution of higher education that is approved under s. 46.03 (38) to provide such instruction.

AB485, s. 57 Section 57. 48.685 (1) (b) of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,23,15 48.685 (1) (b) "Entity" means a child welfare agency that is licensed under s. 48.60 to provide care and maintenance for children, to place children for adoption, or to license foster homes or treatment foster homes; a foster home or treatment foster home that is licensed under s. 48.62; a group home that is licensed under s. 48.625; a shelter care facility that is licensed under s. 938.22; a day child care center that is licensed under s. 48.65 or established or contracted for under s. 120.13 (14); a day child care provider that is certified under s. 48.651; or a temporary employment agency that provides caregivers to another entity.

AB485, s. 58 Section 58. 48.685 (1) (b) of the statutes, as affected by 2009 Wisconsin Acts 28 and .... (this act), is repealed and recreated to read:

AB485,23,24 48.685 (1) (b) "Entity" means a child welfare agency that is licensed under s. 48.60 to provide care and maintenance for children, to place children for adoption, or to license foster homes; a foster home that is licensed under s. 48.62; a group home that is licensed under s. 48.625; a shelter care facility that is licensed under s. 938.22; a child care center that is licensed under s. 48.65 or established or contracted for under s. 120.13 (14); a child care provider that is certified under s. 48.651; or a temporary employment agency that provides caregivers to another entity.

AB485, s. 59 Section 59. 48.685 (2) (am) (intro.) of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,24,6 48.685 (2) (am) (intro.) The department, a county department, a child welfare agency, or a school board shall obtain all of the following with respect to a caregiver specified in sub. (1) (ag) 1. b., a nonclient resident of an entity , and a person under 18 years of age, but not under 12 years of age, who is a caregiver of a day child care center that is licensed under s. 48.65 or established or contracted for under s. 120.13 (14) or of a day child care provider that is certified under s. 48.651:

AB485, s. 60 Section 60. 48.685 (2) (b) 4. of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,24,14 48.685 (2) (b) 4. Subdivision 1. does not apply with respect to a person under 18 years of age, but not under 12 years of age, who is a caregiver or nonclient resident of a day child care center that is licensed under s. 48.65 or established or contracted for under s. 120.13 (14) or of a day child care provider that is certified under s. 48.651 and with respect to whom the department, a county department, or a school board is required under par. (am) (intro.) to obtain the information specified in par. (am) 1. to 5.

AB485, s. 61 Section 61. 48.685 (3) (a) of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,24,24 48.685 (3) (a) Every 4 years or at any time within that period that the department, a county department, a child welfare agency, or a school board considers appropriate, the department, county department, child welfare agency, or school board shall request the information specified in sub. (2) (am) 1. to 5. for all caregivers specified in sub. (1) (ag) 1. b. who are licensed, certified, or contracted to operate an entity, for all persons who are nonclient residents of such a caregiver, and for all persons under 18 years of age, but not under 12 years of age, who are caregivers of a day child care center that is licensed under s. 48.65 or established or contracted for under s. 120.13 (4) or of a day child care provider that is certified under s. 48.651.

AB485, s. 62 Section 62. 48.685 (3) (b) of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,25,7 48.685 (3) (b) Every 4 years or at any time within that period that an entity considers appropriate, the entity shall request the information specified in sub. (2) (b) 1. a. to e. for all persons who are caregivers specified in sub. (1) (ag) 1. a. of the entity other than persons under 18 years of age, but not under 12 years of age, who are caregivers of a day child care center that is licensed under s. 48.65 or established or contracted for under s. 120.13 (14) or of a day child care provider that is certified under s. 48.651.

AB485, s. 63 Section 63. 48.685 (4m) (a) (intro.) of the statutes, as affected by 2009 Wisconsin Act 28, section 1071d, is amended to read:

AB485,25,19 48.685 (4m) (a) (intro.) Notwithstanding s. 111.335, and except as provided in par. (ad) and sub. (5), the department may not license, or continue or renew the license of, a person to operate an entity, the department in a county having a population of 500,000 or more, a county department, or an agency contracted with under s. 48.651 (2) may not certify a day child care provider under s. 48.651, a county department or a child welfare agency may not license, or renew the license of, a foster home or treatment foster home under s. 48.62, and a school board may not contract with a person under s. 120.13 (14), if the department, county department, contracted agency, child welfare agency, or school board knows or should have known any of the following:

AB485, s. 64 Section 64. 48.685 (4m) (a) (intro.) of the statutes, as affected by 2009 Wisconsin Act 28, section 1072d, and 2009 Wisconsin Act .... (this act), is repealed and recreated to read:

AB485,26,6 48.685 (4m) (a) (intro.) Notwithstanding s. 111.335, and except as provided in par. (ad) and sub. (5), the department may not license, or continue or renew the license of, a person to operate an entity, the department in a county having a population of 500,000 or more, a county department, or an agency contracted with under s. 48.651 (2) may not certify a child care provider under s. 48.651, a county department or a child welfare agency may not license, or renew the license of, a foster home under s. 48.62, and a school board may not contract with a person under s. 120.13 (14), if the department, county department, contracted agency, child welfare agency, or school board knows or should have known any of the following:

AB485, s. 65 Section 65. 48.685 (4m) (a) 1. of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,26,14 48.685 (4m) (a) 1. That the person has been convicted of a serious crime or, if the person is an applicant for issuance or continuation of a license to operate a day child care center or for initial certification under s. 48.651 or for renewal of that certification or if the person is proposing to contract with a school board under s. 120.13 (14) or to renew a contract under that subsection, that the person has been convicted of a serious crime or adjudicated delinquent on or after his or her 12th birthday for committing a serious crime.

AB485, s. 66 Section 66. 48.685 (4m) (ad) of the statutes, as affected by 2009 Wisconsin Act 28, section 1073d, is amended to read:

AB485,26,24 48.685 (4m) (ad) The department, a county department, or a child welfare agency may license a foster home or treatment foster home under s. 48.62, the department in a county having a population of 500,000 or more, a county department, or an agency contracted with under s. 48.651 (2) may certify a day child care provider under s. 48.651, and a school board may contract with a person under s. 120.13 (14), conditioned on the receipt of the information specified in sub. (2) (am) indicating that the person is not ineligible to be licensed, certified, or contracted with for a reason specified in par. (a) 1. to 5.

AB485, s. 67 Section 67. 48.685 (4m) (ad) of the statutes, as affected by 2009 Wisconsin Acts 28, section 1074d, and 2009 Wisconsin Act .... (this act), is repealed and recreated to read:

AB485,27,10 48.685 (4m) (ad) The department, a county department, or a child welfare agency may license a foster home under s. 48.62, the department in a county having a population of 500,000 or more, a county department, or an agency contracted with under s. 48.651 (2) may certify a child care provider under s. 48.651, and a school board may contract with a person under s. 120.13 (14), conditioned on the receipt of the information specified in sub. (2) (am) indicating that the person is not ineligible to be licensed, certified, or contracted with for a reason specified in par. (a) 1. to 5.

AB485, s. 68 Section 68. 48.685 (4m) (b) 1. of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,27,17 48.685 (4m) (b) 1. That the person has been convicted of a serious crime or, if the person is a caregiver or nonclient resident of a day child care center that is licensed under s. 48.65 or established or contracted for under s. 120.13 (14) or of a day child care provider that is certified under s. 48.651, that the person has been convicted of a serious crime or adjudicated delinquent on or after his or her 12th birthday for committing a serious crime.

AB485, s. 69 Section 69. 48.685 (5m) of the statutes, as affected by 2009 Wisconsin Act 28, section 1077d, is amended to read:

AB485,28,14 48.685 (5m) Notwithstanding s. 111.335, the department may refuse to license a person to operate an entity, a county department or a child welfare agency may refuse to license a foster home or treatment foster home under s. 48.62, and an entity may refuse to employ or contract with a caregiver or permit a nonclient resident to reside at the entity if the person has been convicted of an offense that is not a serious crime, but that is, in the estimation of the department, county department, child welfare agency, or entity, substantially related to the care of a client. Notwithstanding s. 111.335, the department may refuse to license a person to operate a day child care center, the department in a county having a population of 500,000 or more, a county department, or an agency contracted with under s. 48.651 (2) may refuse to certify a day child care provider under s. 48.651, a school board may refuse to contract with a person under s. 120.13 (14), and a day child care center that is licensed under s. 48.65 or established or contracted for under s. 120.13 (14) or a day child care provider that is certified under s. 48.651 may refuse to employ or contract with a caregiver or permit a nonclient resident to reside at the day child care center or day child care provider if the person has been convicted of or adjudicated delinquent on or after his or her 12th birthday for an offense that is not a serious crime, but that is, in the estimation of the department, county department, contracted agency, school board, day child care center, or day child care provider, substantially related to the care of a client.

AB485, s. 70 Section 70. 48.685 (5m) of the statutes, as affected by 2009 Wisconsin Act 28, section 1078d, and 2009 Wisconsin Act .... (this act), is repealed and recreated to read:

AB485,29,10 48.685 (5m) Notwithstanding s. 111.335, the department may refuse to license a person to operate an entity, a county department or a child welfare agency may refuse to license a foster home under s. 48.62, and an entity may refuse to employ or contract with a caregiver or permit a nonclient resident to reside at the entity if the person has been convicted of an offense that is not a serious crime, but that is, in the estimation of the department, county department, child welfare agency, or entity, substantially related to the care of a client. Notwithstanding s. 111.335, the department may refuse to license a person to operate a child care center, the department in a county having a population of 500,000 or more, a county department, or an agency contracted with under s. 48.651 (2) may refuse to certify a child care provider under s. 48.651, a school board may refuse to contract with a person under s. 120.13 (14), and a child care center that is licensed under s. 48.65 or established or contracted for under s. 120.13 (14) or a child care provider that is certified under s. 48.651 may refuse to employ or contract with a caregiver or permit a nonclient resident to reside at the child care center or child care provider if the person has been convicted of or adjudicated delinquent on or after his or her 12th birthday for an offense that is not a serious crime, but that is, in the estimation of the department, county department, contracted agency, school board, child care center, or child care provider, substantially related to the care of a client.

AB485, s. 71 Section 71. 48.685 (6) (a) of the statutes, as affected by 2009 Wisconsin Act 28, section 1079d, is amended to read:

AB485,29,23 48.685 (6) (a) The department shall require any person who applies for issuance, continuation, or renewal of a license to operate an entity, the department in a county having a population of 500,000 or more, a county department, or an agency contracted with under s. 48.651 (2) shall require any day child care provider who applies for initial certification under s. 48.651 or for renewal of that certification, a county department or a child welfare agency shall require any person who applies for issuance or renewal of a license to operate a foster home or treatment foster home under s. 48.62, and a school board shall require any person who proposes to contract with the school board under s. 120.13 (14) or to renew a contract under that subsection, to complete a background information form that is provided by the department.

AB485, s. 72 Section 72. 48.685 (6) (a) of the statutes, as affected by 2009 Wisconsin Act 28, section 1080d, and 2009 Wisconsin Act .... (this act), is repealed and recreated to read:

AB485,30,10 48.685 (6) (a) The department shall require any person who applies for issuance, continuation, or renewal of a license to operate an entity, the department in a county having a population of 500,000 or more, a county department, or an agency contracted with under s. 48.651 (2) shall require any child care provider who applies for initial certification under s. 48.651 or for renewal of that certification, a county department or a child welfare agency shall require any person who applies for issuance or renewal of a license to operate a foster home under s. 48.62, and a school board shall require any person who proposes to contract with the school board under s. 120.13 (14) or to renew a contract under that subsection, to complete a background information form that is provided by the department.

AB485, s. 73 Section 73. 48.685 (6) (b) 1. of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,30,18 48.685 (6) (b) 1. For caregivers who are licensed by the department, for persons under 18 years of age, but not under 12 years of age, who are caregivers of a day child care center that is licensed under s. 48.65 or established or contracted for under s. 120.13 (14) or of a day child care provider that is certified under s. 48.651, for persons who are nonclient residents of an entity that is licensed by the department, and for other persons specified by the department by rule, the entity shall send the background information form to the department.

AB485, s. 74 Section 74. 48.69 of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,31,9 48.69 Probationary licenses. Except as provided under s. 48.715 (6) and (7), if any child welfare agency, shelter care facility, group home, or day child care center that has not been previously issued a license under s. 48.66 (1) (a) applies for a license, meets the minimum requirements for a license established under s. 48.67, and pays the applicable fee referred to in s. 48.68 (1), the department shall issue a probationary license to that child welfare agency, shelter care facility, group home, or day child care center. A probationary license is valid for up to 6 months after the date of issuance unless renewed under this section or suspended or revoked under s. 48.715. Before a probationary license expires, the department shall inspect the child welfare agency, shelter care facility, group home, or day child care center holding the probationary license and, except as provided under s. 48.715 (6) and (7), if the child welfare agency, shelter care facility, group home, or day child care center meets the minimum requirements for a license established under s. 48.67, the department shall issue a license under s. 48.66 (1) (a). A probationary license issued under this section may be renewed for one 6-month period.

AB485, s. 75 Section 75. 48.715 (1) of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,31,13 48.715 (1) In this section, "licensee" means a person who holds a license under s. 48.66 (1) (a) or a probationary license under s. 48.69 to operate a child welfare agency, shelter care facility, group home, or day child care center.

AB485, s. 76 Section 76. 48.715 (2) (a) of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,31,18 48.715 (2) (a) That a person stop operating a child welfare agency, shelter care facility, group home, or day child care center if the child welfare agency, shelter care facility, group home, or day child care center is without a license in violation of s. 48.66 (1) (a) or a probationary license in violation of s. 48.69.

AB485, s. 77 Section 77. 48.715 (4) (c) of the statutes is amended to read:

AB485,31,24 48.715 (4) (c) The licensee or a person under the supervision of the licensee has committed an action or has created a condition relating to the operation or maintenance of the child welfare agency, shelter care facility, group home, or day child care center that directly threatens the health, safety, or welfare of any child under the care of the licensee.

AB485, s. 78 Section 78. 48.715 (6) of the statutes is amended to read: