LRB-4229/1
ARG:wlj&amn
2015 - 2016 LEGISLATURE
February 1, 2016 - Introduced by Senators LeMahieu,
Risser and Marklein,
cosponsored by Representatives
Jarchow, Goyke, Ballweg, Berceau, Kahl
and A. Ott. Referred to Committee on Revenue, Financial Institutions, and
Rural Issues.
SB657,2,2
1An Act to repeal 73.14, 179.76 (5) (bm), 179.76 (5m), 179.77 (5) (bm), 179.77 (5r),
2180.1161 (5) (bm), 181.1105 (1m), 181.1161 (5) (bm), 182.01 (7), 183.1204 (1)
3(cm) and 183.1207 (5) (bm);
to renumber 179.10;
to renumber and amend
4179.04 (1) (b) and 179.82 (4);
to amend 13.69 (1), 70.21 (2), 71.80 (21), 71.80
5(22), 73.03 (58) (a) and (b), 77.21 (1e), 77.25 (6), 77.25 (6d), 77.25 (6m), 77.61
6(15), 108.02 (20r), 179.065 (2), 179.70 (2) and (3), 180.0121 (1) (a) 4., 180.0121
7(2), 180.0501 (2), 180.1100 (2) and (3), 180.1507 (2), 181.0121 (1) (a) 4., 181.0121
8(2), 181.0501 (2), 181.1100 (2) and (3), 181.1507 (2), 182.01 (3) (intro.), 183.0105
9(1) (b), 183.0109 (1) (a) 5., 183.0109 (2), 183.1200 (2) and (3), 244.49 (9), 766.01
10(9) (d) and 815.18 (13) (e);
to repeal and recreate chapter 178; and
to create
1171.80 (21m), 71.80 (22m), 73.03 (58) (c) and (d), 77.25 (6q), 77.25 (6t) and 179.10
12(2) of the statutes;
relating to: adopting revisions to the state's uniform
1partnership law, providing an exemption from emergency rule procedures,
2granting rule-making authority, and providing a criminal penalty.
Analysis by the Legislative Reference Bureau
This bill adopts, with modifications, the Revised Uniform Partnership Act
(1997), as last amended in 2013.
In 1914, the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws
(NCCUSL) drafted and approved the Uniform Partnership Act (1914). In 1992,
NCCUSL adopted a Revised Uniform Partnership Act and, in 1993 and 1994,
adopted amendments to this revised act. In 1996, NCCUSL adopted limited liability
partnership (LLP) amendments to its revised act. All of these changes were
combined in a Revised Uniform Partnership Act (1997). In 2013, NCCUSL, now
called the Uniform Law Commission, modified the Revised Uniform Partnership Act
(1997).
Current law in Wisconsin adopts the Uniform Partnership Act (1914), with
modifications. One of these modifications, made in
1995 Wisconsin Act 97, allows
partnerships in Wisconsin to become LLPs.
This bill repeals and recreates Wisconsin's partnership law, including the law
related to LLPs, to adopt the Revised Uniform Partnership Act (1997), as last
amended in 2013 (RUPA), subject to certain modifications. Many provisions of RUPA
are similar to current law. For example, under both current law and RUPA, the
partnership agreement provides rules of governance for the partnership and, in
many instances, statutory provisions are default rules that govern the partnership
only in the absence of applicable terms in the partnership agreement. However, in
some instances, the terms of the partnership agreement may not vary from statutory
requirements. Also under both current law and RUPA, a filing with the Department
of Financial Institutions (DFI) is not required to form a partnership, but a filing is
required for a partnership to become an LLP.
Some of the significant changes to current law made by RUPA, as adopted
under this bill, are discussed below.
Partnership as distinct legal entity
Under this bill, a partnership is a distinct legal entity, not merely an
aggregation of individual partners. Accordingly, instead of a partner being a
co-owner of partnership property as a tenant in partnership, the partnership entity
generally holds the only ownership interest in partnership property and each
partner's interest in the property is derivative through the partner's interest in the
partnership. The bill also specifies that a partnership may sue and be sued in the
name of the partnership.
Partnership agreement and partnership formation
Current law specifies certain rules that apply to the rights and duties of
partners in relation to the partnership, subject to any agreement between the
partners.
This bill provides more specific guidance, in comparison with current law, as to
when the provisions of a partnership agreement override contrary statutory
provisions and when they do not. Under the bill, subject to certain exceptions
discussed below, the partnership agreement governs relations among the partners
as partners and between the partners and the partnership; the business of the
partnership and the conduct of that business; and the means and conditions for
amending the partnership agreement. On these topics, statutory provisions govern
only in the absence of an applicable provision in the partnership agreement.
However, the bill imposes certain restrictions on the terms of a partnership
agreement. Among these restrictions, a partnership agreement may not vary from
certain statutory provisions relating to the grounds for expulsion of a partner by
judicial order; the causes of dissolution; requirements for winding up the
partnership's business; requirements for DFI filings or for an LLP's registered agent;
lawsuits by and against partners and the partnership; a partner's right of access to
partnership books and information; a partner's fiduciary and other duties (discussed
further below); and the applicable law governing an LLP's internal affairs and the
liability of its partners. The partnership agreement also governs the obligations of
the partnership and its partners to a person dissociated as a partner and to a person
to whom a partner's interest (right to receive partnership distributions) has been
transferred.
Although current law does not require the filing of a certificate or articles with
DFI to form a partnership, it does allow partnership agreements and amendments
to these agreements, as well as notices of partnership dissolution, to be recorded with
the register of deeds in the county where the partnership is located.
As under current law, this bill does not require the filing of a certificate or
articles with DFI to form a partnership, but the bill allows a partnership to
voluntarily file with DFI various types of statements, including a statement of
partnership authority. This statement may grant or limit, for purposes of a
third-party dealing with the partnership, authority of a partner to act as an agent
of the partnership and to enter into transactions on behalf of the partnership. In this
statement, the partnership may identify the authority of any person or position
(which covers all persons holding that position) or identify limitations on the
authority of a person or position. The statement of authority is effective for five years
from its original date or its most recent amendment or renewal, and the statement
affects only the power of a person to bind the partnership to persons that are not
partners. The bill allows any person named in a statement of authority to file with
DFI a statement of denial of authority. If the statement of authority is recorded with
the register of deeds, it may grant or limit authority of a partner to transfer real
property on behalf of the partnership. The bill also allows the filing of other
voluntary statements with DFI, including a statement of dissociation of a partner
which limits the authority of the dissociated partner, a statement of dissolution
which gives notice that the partnership has dissolved and is winding up its business,
and a statement of termination which gives notice that the partnership is
terminated. A person who is not a partner is considered to have knowledge of facts
contained in a statement of dissociation, statement of dissolution, or statement of
termination 90 days after the statement becomes effective.
Fiduciary and other duties of partners
Under current law, a partner is a fiduciary who must account to the partnership
for any benefit, and hold as a trustee for it any profit, derived by the partner without
the consent of the other partners from any transaction connected with the formation,
conduct, or liquidation of the partnership or from use by the partner of partnership
property.
This bill provides a broader and more explicit description of the duties of each
partner to the partnership and to other partners and also specifies the extent to
which these statutory duties may be overridden by the partnership agreement.
Under this bill, unless the duty is permissibly modified in the partnership agreement
(as discussed below), a partner owes to the partnership, and to the other partners,
duties of loyalty and care, as described below. A partner must also discharge its
duties and obligations, whether statutory or arising under the partnership
agreement, and exercise its rights, consistently with the contractual obligation of
good faith and fair dealing. However, a partner does not violate a duty or obligation
solely because the partner's conduct furthers the partner's own interest.
Under the bill, a partner owes a fiduciary duty of loyalty that includes the duty:
1) to account to the partnership and hold as trustee for it any property, profit, or
benefit derived by the partner in the conduct or winding up of the partnership's
business, from use of the partnership's property, or from the appropriation of a
partnership opportunity; 2) to refrain from dealing with the partnership, in the
conduct or winding up of the partnership business, adversely or on behalf of a person
having an adverse interest; and 3) to refrain from competing with the partnership
in the conduct of the partnership's business. However, all the partners, or one or
more disinterested partners with authority to act in the matter, may authorize or
ratify, after disclosure of all material facts, a specific act or transaction that
otherwise would violate the duty of loyalty. Also, it is a defense to a claim of dealing
adversely with the partnership (item 2, above) that the transaction was fair to the
partnership.
Under the bill, a partner also owes a duty of care, in the conduct or winding up
of the partnership business, to refrain from 1) willfully failing to deal fairly with the
partnership or its partners when the partner has a material conflict of interest; 2)
violating the criminal law; 3) engaging in a transaction in which the partner derives
an improper personal profit; or 4) engaging in willful misconduct.
Under the bill, the partnership agreement may not alter or eliminate, or restrict
remedies for the breach of, the duty of loyalty or the duty of care, except as described
below; eliminate, or restrict remedies for the breach of, the contractual obligation of
good faith and fair dealing, but it may prescribe standards, if not manifestly
unreasonable, by which performance of the obligation is measured; or relieve a
person from liability for conduct that violates the duty of care described in items 1)
to 4) in the immediately preceding paragraph. However, the partnership agreement
may specify the method by which an act or transaction that would otherwise violate
the duty of loyalty may be authorized or ratified after the disclosure of all material
facts. The partnership agreement may also eliminate or limit a partner's fiduciary
duty if it also relieves the partner of a responsibility and imposes it on another
partner. Although the partnership agreement may not relieve a person from liability
for conduct that violates the duty of care described in items 1) to 4) in the immediately
preceding paragraph, it may, if not manifestly unreasonable, alter or eliminate, or
restrict remedies with respect to, certain aspects of the duty of loyalty; identify
specific types or categories of activities that do not violate the duty of loyalty or the
contractual obligation of good faith and fair dealing; otherwise alter the duty of care;
or alter or eliminate any other fiduciary duty. A court determines, as a matter of law,
whether a term of a partnership agreement is manifestly unreasonable.
Dissociation of partners and dissolution and winding up of partnership
Under current law, the dissolution of a partnership is the change in the relation
of the partners caused by any partner ceasing to be associated in the carrying on of
the business. Dissolution may be caused by various events, including by the will of
any or all partners or by the death or bankruptcy of a partner. However, a partner's
assignment (usually by sale) of the partner's interest in the partnership does not of
itself dissolve the partnership, although the assignee is entitled to receive only the
partner's profits from the partnership and not any right to management or
participation in partnership business.
This bill adopts the term "dissociation," as used in connection with a partner,
and specifies when a partner's dissociation from the partnership occurs. Among
other events causing a partner's dissociation from the partnership, a partner is
dissociated upon the occurrence of any of the following: 1) when the partner
withdraws from the partnership or is expelled from the partnership; 2) when an
event occurs that, under the terms of the partnership agreement, results in the
partner's dissociation; 3) when the partner becomes a debtor in bankruptcy, dies, has
a guardian or conservator appointed for him or her, or is adjudged to be incapable of
performing his or her duties under the partnership agreement; or 4) when the
partnership dissolves and completes winding up. A person has the power to
dissociate as a partner at any time, rightfully or wrongfully, by withdrawing from the
partnership unless the partnership is an LLP and the partnership agreement
provides otherwise; however, a partner that wrongfully dissociates is liable to the
partnership and to the other partners for damages caused by the dissociation. A
partner's dissociation is wrongful if, among other things, the dissociation is in
violation of a term of the partnership agreement. A dissociated partner has no right
to participate in the management of the partnership. The obligations of the
partnership and other partners to the dissociated partner are generally governed by
the terms of the partnership agreement, although the bill contains certain provisions
relating to partnership distributions to dissociated partners.
Under the bill, a partner's dissociation from the partnership does not
automatically require dissolution of the partnership; a partnership is dissolved only
upon the occurrence of specified events. For example, in a partnership for a definite
term or particular undertaking, dissociation of a partner as a result of the partner's
death causes dissolution of the partnership only if, within 90 days after the death,
at least half of the remaining partners affirmatively act to dissolve the partnership.
As under current law, under the bill a partner's sale of his or her interest in the
partnership does not automatically require dissolution of the partnership or entitle
the transferee to participate in the management of the partnership. It also does not,
by itself, cause the partner's dissociation from the partnership.
This bill modifies some of the grounds under which a partnership is dissolved
and its business must be wound up, including grounds for dissolution by court order.
As new grounds for dissolution under the bill, a partnership is dissolved, and its
business must be wound up, if the partnership does not have at least two partners
for 90 consecutive days or if an event or circumstance occurs that the partnership
agreement states causes dissolution. Also, under the bill, a court order is required
for dissolution on the basis that the partnership's activities are or would be unlawful.
The bill also allows a partnership to rescind its dissolution unless it has already
filed with DFI a statement of termination or a court has ordered dissolution. If a
partnership rescinds its dissolution and meets certain requirements, the
partnership may resume carrying on its business as if dissolution had never
occurred.
Limited liability partnerships
Under current law, to become an LLP, a domestic partnership must file a
registration statement with DFI that contains specified information. To do business
in this state, a foreign LLP must file with DFI a foreign registration statement.
Current law includes various provisions relating to these registration statements,
amendment or termination of these registration statements, acceptable names for
an LLP or foreign LLP, registered offices and registered agents for LLPs and foreign
LLPs, and service on LLPs and foreign LLPs.
Under this bill, to become an LLP, a domestic partnership must file with DFI
a statement of qualification, rather than a registration statement. However, a
foreign LLP must still file a registration statement with DFI to do business in this
state. The bill includes many provisions, including some based on RUPA and some
that depart from the model provisions of RUPA, relating to procedures applicable to
LLPs and foreign LLPs, including provisions related to maintenance of a registered
agent and registered office, service of process on an LLP or foreign LLP, and DFI's
revocation of an LLP's statement of qualification or foreign LLP's registration. The
bill requires an LLP or foreign LLP to submit an annual report to DFI.
As under current law, the provisions of this bill afford the partners in an LLP
a certain level of immunity from liability, although the bill includes some
modifications to current law relating to LLP liability. Under current law, all partners
in a partnership are generally liable as follows: 1) jointly and severally for loss or
injury caused to a person who is not a partner by any wrongful act or omission of a
partner acting in the ordinary course of the partnership business or with partnership
authority; and 2) jointly for all other debts and obligations of the partnership.
However, a partner in an LLP is not personally liable for any debt, obligation, or
liability of the LLP, except that the partner may be liable for the partner's own
actions or the actions of a person under the partner's supervision and control and for
debts, obligations, and liabilities resulting from the partner's acts or conduct other
than as a partner.
Under this bill, a partnership is liable for loss or injury caused to a person as
a result of a wrongful act or omission of a partner acting in the ordinary course of the
partnership's business or with the actual or apparent authority of the partnership.
In a partnership that is not an LLP, all partners are generally liable jointly and
severally for all debts, obligations, and other liabilities of the partnership. However,
subject to an exception, in an LLP, a debt, obligation, or other liability of the LLP is
solely the debt, obligation, or other liability of the LLP, not of the partners, and a
partner is not personally liable for the debt, obligation, or other liability of the LLP
solely by reason of being a partner. Under the exception, an LLP can make an
election that this provision (under which a debt, obligation, or other liability of the
LLP is solely that of the LLP and a partner is not personally liable) does not affect
the liability of a partner in an LLP for the partner's own negligence or wrongful acts
or for the negligence or wrongful acts of a person under the partner's supervision and
control. The bill also specifies that an LLP's failure to observe formalities relating
to the exercise of its powers or management of its business is not a ground for
imposing liability on a partner for a debt, obligation, or other liability of the LLP.
The bill includes restrictions on an LLP in making distributions to partners, or
to transferees of partners, under certain circumstances. An LLP may not make a
distribution if, after the distribution, the LLP would not be able to pay its debts as
they become due in the ordinary course of business or the LLP's assets would be less
than its liabilities. If a partner of an LLP consents to a distribution that violates
these restrictions and, in consenting to the distribution, fails to comply with the
partner's duties of loyalty and care (as described above), the partner is personally
liable to the partnership for the amount of the distribution that exceeds the amount
that could have been distributed without the violation.
Mergers, conversions, and other business combinations
This bill specifies procedures for domestic or foreign partnerships, including
LLPs, to engage in business-structure transactions in the form of mergers,
conversions, interest exchanges, and domestications. In an interest exchange, a
domestic partnership acquires interests of another domestic or foreign business
entity, or has its own interests acquired by another domestic or foreign business
entity. In a domestication, an entity governed by the law of a foreign country (a
non-US entity) may domesticate as a domestic partnership under Wisconsin law
while continuing to be subject to the foreign country's law and a domestic partnership
may domesticate as a non-US entity subject to a foreign country's law while
continuing to be a domestic partnership. The bill allows mergers, conversions,
interest exchanges, and domestications to involve a diverse array of business
entities, including business corporations, nonprofit corporations, limited liability
companies, limited partnerships, LLPs, cooperative associations, and
unincorporated nonprofit associations. Certain requirements apply to these
business-structure transactions, including approval of a plan of merger, conversion,
interest exchange, or domestication and filing with DFI articles of merger,
conversion, interest exchange, or domestication, although the terms of the
partnership agreement generally govern mergers, conversions, interest exchanges,
and domestications. When the merger, conversion, interest exchange, or
domestication becomes effective, certain results occur automatically, as a matter of
law, with respect to such matters as assets, obligations, continued existence, and
organizational documents of the parties involved in the transaction.
The bill also repeals a tax reporting requirement under current law that applies
to corporations, LLCs, and limited partnerships. Under current law, if an acquired
business entity in a merger or the converted business entity in a conversion owned
a fee simple ownership interest in any Wisconsin real estate immediately prior to the
merger or conversion, the surviving business entity must submit a report to the
Department of Revenue within 60 days of the merger or conversion containing
specified information relating to the merger or conversion and the Wisconsin real
estate.
This bill eliminates this reporting requirement.
Partnership records and information
Under current law, subject to the provisions of the partnership agreement,
partnership books must be kept at the principal place of business of the partnership
and, at all times, each partner must have access to them and may inspect and copy
them. Partners must also render, on demand, to any other partner true and full
information of all things affecting the partnership.
This bill provides for a partnership to keep its books and records at its principal
office. On reasonable notice, a partner may inspect and copy, during regular business
hours and at a reasonable location specified by the partnership, any record
maintained by the partnership regarding the partnership's business, financial
condition, and other circumstances, to the extent the information is material to the
partner's rights and duties under the partnership agreement or the statutes. The
bill specifies information that the partnership must furnish to each partner, without
demand by the partner, as well as information that the partnership must furnish to
a partner upon demand by the partner. The duty to furnish information also applies
to each partner, not just to the partnership. The bill also specifies the rights to
information of a person dissociated as a partner. The bill allows a partnership to
impose reasonable restrictions and conditions on access to and use of information
furnished by the partnership.
Other changes
This bill includes numerous other substantive and stylistic changes from
current law. The bill eliminates existing provisions, and creates new provisions, as
to when a person is considered to have notice or knowledge of a fact, and also specifies
when a person is considered to have given another person notice of a fact. The bill
also modifies certain terms used in connection with partnerships, such as changing
the term "registration statement" for an LLP to "statement of qualification" and
changing the term "articles of dissolution" to "statement of dissolution."
The bill also includes numerous modifications from, or additions to, the model
language of RUPA, including provisions relating to DFI procedures and fees.
Phase-in
The changes in this bill apply to a partnership formed on or after January 1,
2018, and apply, on January 1, 2018, to a partnership formed before that date unless
1) the partnership elects to be governed earlier by the new provisions of the bill, or
2) the partnership elects to be governed by the existing law applicable before
enactment of the bill. When the provisions of the bill become applicable to a
partnership, provisions of prior law relating to liability and legal actions continue to
apply to obligations incurred prior to enactment of the bill and any provision of a
partnership agreement that was valid before enactment of the bill remains valid.
For further information see the state fiscal estimate, which will be printed as
an appendix to this bill.
The people of the state of Wisconsin, represented in senate and assembly, do
enact as follows:
SB657,1
1Section
1. 13.69 (1) of the statutes is amended to read:
SB657,9,62
13.69
(1) Except as provided in sub. (2m), any principal violating ss. 13.61 to
313.68 or a rule of the board promulgated under those sections may be required to
4forfeit not more than $5,000. In the case of a partnership
other than a foreign or
5domestic limited liability partnership, each of the partners is jointly and severally
6liable for any forfeiture imposed under this subsection.
SB657,2
7Section
2. 70.21 (2) of the statutes is amended to read:
SB657,9,108
70.21
(2) The personal property of a limited liability partnership shall be
9assessed in the name of the partnership, and each partner shall be liable for the taxes
10levied thereon only to the extent permitted under s.
178.12 178.0306.
SB657,3
11Section
3. 71.80 (21) of the statutes is amended to read:
SB657,9,1612
71.80
(21) Business entity conversion. Notwithstanding any provision of ss.
13178.1141 to 178.1145, 179.76, 180.1161, 181.1161, and 183.1207, the conversion of
14a business entity to another form of business entity under s.
178.1141, 179.76,
15180.1161, 181.1161, or 183.1207 shall be treated for state tax purposes in the same
16manner as the conversion is treated for federal tax purposes.
SB657,4
17Section
4. 71.80 (21m) of the statutes is created to read:
SB657,10,4
171.80
(21m) Business entity interest exchange. Notwithstanding any
2provision of ss. 178.1131 to 178.1135, an interest exchange under s. 178.1131 shall
3be treated for state tax purposes in the same manner as the interest exchange is
4treated for federal tax purposes.
SB657,5
5Section
5. 71.80 (22) of the statutes is amended to read:
SB657,10,106
71.80
(22) Business entity merger. Notwithstanding any provision of ss.
7178.1121 to 178.1125, 179.77, 180.1101, 180.1104, 181.1101, 181.1104, and 183.1201,
8the merger of a business entity with one or more business entities under s.
178.1121, 9179.77, 180.1101, 180.1104, 181.1101, 181.1104, or 183.1201 shall be treated for state
10tax purposes in the same manner as the merger is treated for federal tax purposes.
SB657,6
11Section
6. 71.80 (22m) of the statutes is created to read:
SB657,10,1512
71.80
(22m) Business entity domestication. Notwithstanding any provision
13of ss. 178.1151 to 178.1155, a domestication under s. 178.1151 shall be treated for
14state tax purposes in the same manner as the domestication is treated for federal tax
15purposes.