ATTACHMENT OF LEDGER BOARD TO BAND BOARD OR BAND JOIST
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Figure 12
ATTACHMENT OF LEDGER BOARD TO SOLID FOUNDATION
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Figure 13
ATTACHMENT OF LEDGER BOARD TO HOLLOW FOUNDATION
Prohibited ledger attachments. Attaching a ledger board to or through an exterior veneer such as brick or stone, or to or through a masonry chimney, or to a house overhang – as shown below – are prohibited. In such cases, the deck must be free-standing, as addressed in section 10. Attaching a ledger board to a house overhang is allowed if supported by engineering.
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Figure 14
PROHIBITED LEDGER ATTACHMENTS
SECTION 9: LEDGER-BOARD FASTENERS
General requirements. Ledger board fasteners must be installed in accordance with this section. Placement and spacing must be in accordance with Figure 15 and Table 6. Only the fastener types listed here are approved for use; lead anchors are prohibited. Adequacy of connections may be verified by local inspectors.
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Figure 15
LEDGER BOARD FASTENER SPACING AND CLEARANCES
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Table 6
LEDGER BOARD FASTENER SPACING, ON CENTER1,2,3
Fastener | Band Board | Joist Span: less than or equal to |
Lag screws | 1" EWP 11/8" EWP 2x Lumber | 24" 28" 30" | 18" 21" 23" | 14" 16" 18" | 12" 14" 15" | 10" 12" 13" | 9" 10" 11" | 8" 9" 10" |
Through-Bolts | 1" EWP 11/8" EWP 2x Lumber | 24" 28" 36" | 18" 21" 36" | 14" 16" 34" | 12" 14" 29" | 10" 12" 24" | 9" 10" 21" | 8" 9" 19" |
Through-Bolts with ½" stacked washers4,5 | 2x Lumber | 36" | 36" | 29" | 24" | 21" | 18" | 16" |
Adhesive anchors | ______ | 32" | 32" | 32" | 24" | 24" | 16" | 16" |
1These values are valid for deck ledgers consisting of douglas fir/larch, hem/fir, or southern pine; and for band boards consisting of douglas fir-larch, hem-fir, spruce-pine-fir, southern pine, or engineered wood product (EWP).
2Where solid-sawn pressure-preservative-treated deck ledgers are attached to engineered wood products (minimum 1" thick wood structural panel band joist or structural composite lumber including laminated veneer lumber), the ledger attachment must be designed in accordance with accepted engineering practice. These tabulated values are in accordance with that practice and are based on 300 lbs and 350 lbs for 1" and 11/8" EWP rim board, respectively.
3 The thickness of the sheathing over the band board must not exceed 15/32".
4 The maximum gap between the face of the ledger board and face of the wall sheathing is ½".
5 Wood structural panel sheathing, gypsum board sheathing, or foam sheathing is permitted between the ledger board and the band board. Stacked washers are permitted in combination with wood structural panel sheathing, but are not permitted in combination with gypsum board or foam sheathing. The maximum distance between the face of the ledger board and the face of the band board is 1".
Through-bolts. Through-bolts must have a diameter of ½ inch. Pilot holes for through-bolts must be 17/32 to 9/16 inches in diameter. Through-bolts must be equipped with washers at the bolt head and nut. Bolts should be tightened 6 to 12 months after construction due to drying and wood shrinkage.
Expansion anchors. Expansion or adhesive anchors must be used for attaching a ledger board to a concrete or solid masonry wall, as shown in Figure 12. The bolt or threaded rod of expansion anchors must have a diameter of ½ inch, which in some cases may result in needing a 5/8-inch-diameter anchor. Expansion anchors must be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and must be equipped with washers.
Adhesive anchors. Approved adhesive anchors with a ½-inch-diameter threaded rod must be used for attaching a ledger board to hollow masonry, as shown in Figure 13. Examples of approved adhesive anchors include the Epcon Acrylic 7 by ITW Ramset/Red Head, and the HY-20 by Hilti. Adhesive anchors are also permitted with concrete or solid masonry installations. Adhesive anchors must be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and must be equipped with washers. Adhesive cartridges should remain on the jobsite for inspector verification.
Lag screws. The diameter, length, and shank of lag screws must comply with Figure 16. Lag screws must be equipped with washers and be installed in the following sequence:
1.
Drill a ½-inch-diameter hole in the ledger board and a 5/16-inch-diameter pilot hole into the solid-connection material of the existing house.2.
Insert the lag screw through the ledger board and into the pilot hole by turning. Do not drive with a hammer. Use soap or a wood-compatible lubricant if needed to facilitate tightening.3.
Tighten each lag screw snugly, but do not over-tighten so as to cause wood damage.(See PDF for Figure)
Figure 16
LAG SCREW
SECTION 10: FREE-STANDING DECKS
A deck that is free-standing does not utilize the exterior wall of the existing house to support vertical loads. Instead, an additional beam is provided at or offset from the existing house wall, as shown in Figure 17. If the edge of a deck footing is closer than 5 feet to an existing exterior house wall, the footing must bear at the same elevation as the existing wall footing as shown in Figure 17. For a house with a basement, a cylindrical footing (caisson) is recommended to minimize required excavation at the basement wall.
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Figure 17
FREE-STANDING DECK
SECTION 11: LATERAL SUPPORT
A deck that is more than 24 inches above grade must resist lateral loads in accordance with the following:
Diagonal Bracing. Provide diagonal bracing both parallel and perpendicular to the beam at each post as shown in Figure 18. Where parallel to the beam, the bracing must be bolted to the post at one end and to the beam at the other. Where perpendicular to the beam, the bracing must be bolted to the post at one end and to a joist or blocking between joists at the other. Where a joist does not align with the bracing location, provide blocking between the adjacent joists. Exceptions: Bracing is not required perpendicular to the house for a deck that is attached to the house with both a ledger board under sections 8 and 9 and the connection specified in either Figure 19 or 20. For a free-standing deck that is attached to the house as specified in Figure 21, bracing parallel to the house may be omitted at the beam adjacent to the house. All bracing may be omitted for a deck which is attached to the house in accordance with sections 8 and 9 or Figure 21 and which has all of its decking installed at a 45 degree angle to the deck joists.
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Figure 18
DIAGONAL BRACING REQUIREMENTS
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TENSION-TIE CONNECTION, WITH LEDGER BOARD
