48.837 Annotation
Grandparents are not parties under this section. However, grandparent testimony may be necessary to determine the child's best interest. In Interest of Brandon S.S. 179 W (2d) 114, 507 NW (2d) 94 (1993).
48.837 Annotation
Adoption and termination proceedings in Wisconsin: A reply proposing limiting judicial discretion. Cooper and Nelson, 66 MLR 641 (1983).
48.838
48.838
Foreign adoption fees. 48.838(1)
(1) In this section, "foreign adoption" means the adoption of a child, who is a citizen of a foreign country, in accordance with any of the types of adoption procedures specified under this subchapter.
48.838(2)
(2) The department may charge a fee of not more than $75 to the adoptive parents for reviewing foreign adoption documents and for providing necessary certifications and approvals required by state and federal law.
48.838(3)
(3) The department may also charge a fee of not more than $75 to the adoptive parents for the review and certification of adoption documents, and for the provision of departmental approval of placements as specified in
s. 48.97, for adoptions that occur in a foreign country.
48.838 History
History: 1989 a. 31.
48.839
48.839
Adoption of foreign children. 48.839(1)(a)(a) Any resident of this state who has been appointed by a court of a foreign jurisdiction as guardian of a child who is a citizen of that jurisdiction, before bringing the child into this state for the purpose of adopting the child, shall file with the department a $1,000 noncancelable bond in favor of this state, furnished by a surety company licensed to do business in this state. The condition of the bond shall be that the child will not become dependent on public funds for his or her primary support before he or she is adopted.
48.839(1)(b)
(b) By filing the bond required under
par. (a), the child's guardian and the surety submit to the jurisdiction of the court in the county in which the guardian resides for purposes of liability on the bond, and appoint the clerk of the court as their agent upon whom any papers affecting their bond liability may be served. Their liability on the bond may be enforced without the commencement of an independent action.
48.839(1)(c)
(c) If upon affidavit of the department it appears to the court that the condition of the bond has been violated, the court shall order the guardian and the surety to show cause why judgment on the bond should not be entered for the department. If neither the guardian nor the surety appear for the hearing on the order to show cause, or if the court concludes after the hearing that the condition of the bond has been violated, the court shall enter judgment on the bond for the department against the guardian and the surety.
48.839(1)(d)
(d) If custody of the child is transferred under
sub. (4) (b) to a county department or child welfare agency before the child is adopted, the department shall periodically bill the guardian and the surety under
s. 46.03 (18) (b) or
46.10 for the cost of care and maintenance of the child until the child is adopted or becomes age 18, whichever is earlier. The guardian and surety shall also be liable under the bond for costs incurred by the department in enforcing the bond against the guardian and surety.
48.839(1)(e)
(e) This section does not preclude the department or any other agency given custody of a child under
sub. (4) (b) from collecting under
s. 46.03 (18) (b) or
46.10 from the former guardian for costs in excess of the amount recovered under the bond incurred in enforcing the bond and providing care and maintenance for the child until he or she reaches age 18 or is adopted.
48.839(1)(f)
(f) The department may waive the bond requirement under this subsection.
48.839(2)
(2) Evidence of availability for adoption required. 48.839(2)(a)(a) Any resident of this state who has been appointed by a court of a foreign jurisdiction as guardian of a child who is a citizen of that jurisdiction and who intends to bring the child into this state for the purpose of adopting the child shall file with the department a certified copy of the judgment or order of a court of the foreign jurisdiction or other instrument having the effect under the laws of the foreign jurisdiction of freeing the child for adoption. If the instrument is not a judgment or order of a court, the guardian shall also file with the department a copy of the law under which the instrument was issued, unless the department waives this requirement. The guardian shall also file English translations of the court judgment or order or other instrument and of the law. The department shall return the originals to the guardian and keep on file a copy of each document.
48.839(2)(b)
(b) If the guardian files a judgment or order of a court under
par. (a), the department shall review the judgment or order. If the department determines that the judgment or order has the effect of freeing the child for adoption, if the department has been furnished with a copy of a home study recommending the guardian as an adoptive parent, if a licensed child welfare agency has been identified to provide the services required under
sub. (5) and if the guardian has filed the bond required under
sub. (1), the department shall certify to the U.S. immigration and naturalization service that all preadoptive requirements of this state that can be met before the child's arrival in the United States have been met.
48.839(2)(c)
(c) If the guardian files an instrument other than a judgment or order of a court under
par. (a), the department shall review the instrument. If the department determines that the instrument has the effect under the laws of the foreign jurisdiction of freeing the child for adoption, if the department has been furnished with a copy of a home study recommending the adoptive parents, if a licensed child welfare agency has been identified to provide the services required under
sub. (5) and if the guardian has filed the bond required under
sub. (1), the department shall certify to the U.S. immigration and naturalization service that all preadoptive requirements of this state that can be met prior to the child's arrival in the United States have been met.
48.839(3)
(3) Petition for adoption or termination of parental rights required. 48.839(3)(a)(a) Within 60 days after the arrival of a child brought into this state from a foreign jurisdiction for the purpose of adoption, the individual who is the child's guardian shall file a petition to adopt the child, a petition to terminate parental rights to the child, or both. If only a petition to terminate parental rights to the child is filed under this paragraph, the individual guardian shall file a petition for adoption within 60 days of the order terminating parental rights. The individual guardian shall file with the court the documents filed with the department under
sub. (2) (a).
48.839(3)(b)
(b) Except as provided in
par. (a) and
sub. (4) (a), the termination of a parent's parental rights to a child who is a citizen of a foreign jurisdiction is not required prior to the child's adoption by his or her guardian.
48.839(3)(c)
(c) If a petition for adoption is filed under
par. (a), the individual guardian filing the petition shall file a copy of the petition with the department at the time the petition is filed with the court. If the individual guardian filed an instrument other than a court order or judgment under
sub. (2) (a), the department may make a recommendation to the court as to whether the instrument filed has the effect under the laws of the foreign jurisdiction of freeing the child for adoption.
48.839(3)(d)
(d) If a petition for adoption is filed under
par. (a) and the individual guardian filing the petition filed an instrument other than a court order or judgment under
sub. (2) (a), the court shall determine whether the instrument filed has the effect under the laws of the foreign jurisdiction of freeing the child for adoption. The court shall presume that the instrument has that effect unless there are substantial irregularities on the face of the document or unless the department shows good cause for believing that the instrument does not have that effect. If the court determines that the instrument does not have the effect of freeing the child for adoption, the court shall order the petitioner to file a petition to terminate parental rights under
s. 48.42 within 10 days.
48.839(3)(e)
(e) If a petition for adoption is filed under
par. (a) and the individual guardian filing the petition filed a court order or judgment under
sub. (2) (a), the court order or judgment shall be legally sufficient evidence that the child is free for adoption.
48.839(4)
(4) Transfer of guardianship; forfeiture of bond. If a guardian does not file a petition as required under
sub. (3) (a) or
(d), or if the petition for adoption under
sub. (3) is withdrawn or denied, the court:
48.839(4)(a)
(a) Shall transfer guardianship of the child to the department, to a county department under
s. 48.57 (1) (e) or
(hm) or to a child welfare agency under
s. 48.61 (5) and order the guardian to file a petition for termination of parental rights under
s. 48.42 within 10 days.
48.839(4)(b)
(b) Shall transfer legal custody of the child to a county department or a child welfare agency licensed under
s. 48.60.
48.839(4)(c)
(c) Shall order the guardian who filed the bond under
sub. (1) (a) to show cause why the bond should not be forfeited.
48.839(4)(d)
(d) May order that physical custody of the child remain with a suitable individual with whom the child has been living.
48.839(5)
(5) Child welfare services required. Any child welfare agency licensed under
s. 48.60 that negotiates or arranges the placement of a child for adoption under this section shall provide services to the child and to the proposed adoptive parents until the child's adoption is final.
48.839 History
History: 1981 c. 81;
1985 a. 176.
48.841
48.841
Persons required to file recommendation as to adoption. 48.841(1)(1) No adoption of a minor may be ordered without the written recommendation, favorable or unfavorable, of the guardian of the minor, if there is one, as set forth in
s. 48.85.
48.841(2)
(2) If the guardian refuses or neglects to file its recommendation within the time specified in
s. 48.85, the court may proceed as though the guardian had filed a favorable recommendation.
48.85
48.85
Recommendation of guardian. 48.85(1)
(1) At least 10 days prior to the hearing, the guardian shall file its recommendation with the court.
48.85(2)
(2) The guardian's recommendation shall be presumed to be in the best interests of the child unless the fair preponderance of the credible evidence is to the contrary. If the guardian's recommendation is in opposition to the granting of the petition, the court shall take testimony as to whether or not the proposed adoption is in the best interests of the child.
48.85(3)
(3) At the conclusion of the hearing, the court shall enter its order in accordance with
s. 48.91 (3).
48.85 History
History: 1973 c. 263.
48.871
48.871
Filing of recommendation by guardian. In the case of a recommendation by a guardian, the guardian shall file with its recommendation satisfactory evidence of its authority to file such recommendation relative to the adoption of the minor. In the case where the parents' rights have been judicially terminated, this evidence shall be a certified copy of the order terminating their rights and appointing the guardian. In other cases of a guardian appointed by a court, this evidence shall be a certified copy of the order appointing it guardian. In the case of a guardian having the authority to consent or file its recommendation under an instrument other than a court order, valid under the laws of another state, that instrument shall serve as evidence of the authority to consent or file its recommendation.
48.88
48.88
Notice of hearing; investigation. 48.88(1)
(1) In this section, unless otherwise qualified, "agency" means any public or private entity except an individual.
48.88(1m)
(1m) Upon the filing of a petition for adoption, the court shall schedule a hearing within 90 days of the filing. Notice of the hearing shall be mailed, not later than 3 days from the date of the order for hearing and investigation, to the guardian of the child, if any, to the agency making the investigation under
sub. (2), to the department when its recommendation is required by
s. 48.89 and to the child if the child is 12 years of age or over.
48.88(2)(a)(a) Except as provided under
par. (c), when a petition to adopt a child is filed, the court shall order an investigation to determine whether the child is a proper subject for adoption and whether the petitioner's home is suitable for the child. The court shall order one of the following to conduct the investigation:
48.88(2)(a)1.
1. If an agency has guardianship of the child, the guardianship agency, unless the agency has already filed its recommendation under
s. 48.85 and has filed with the recommendation a report of an investigation as required under this paragraph.
48.88(2)(a)2.
2. If no agency has guardianship of the child and a relative other than a stepparent has filed the petition for adoption, the department, a county department under
s. 48.57 (1) (e) or
(hm) or a licensed child welfare agency.
48.88(2)(a)4.
4. If the child is a citizen of a foreign jurisdiction and is under the guardianship of an individual, the agency which conducted the home study required under federal law prior to the child's entry into the United States.
48.88(2)(b)
(b) The agency making the investigation shall file its report with the court at least 10 days before the hearing unless the time is reduced for good cause shown by the petitioner. The report shall be part of the record of the proceedings.
48.88(2)(c)
(c) If a stepparent has filed a petition for adoption and no agency has guardianship of the child, the court shall order a county department or, with the consent of the department or a licensed child welfare agency, order the department or the child welfare agency to conduct a screening, consisting of no more than one interview with the petitioner and a check of the petitioner's background through public records, including records maintained by the department or any county department under
s. 48.981. The department, county department or child welfare agency that conducts the screening shall file a report of the screening with the court within 30 days. After reviewing the report, the court may proceed to act on the petition, may order the county department to conduct an investigation as described under
par. (a) (intro.) or may order the department or a licensed child welfare agency to make the investigation if the department or child welfare agency consents.
48.88(3)
(3) If the report of the investigation is unfavorable or if it discloses a situation which, in the opinion of the court, raises a serious question as to the suitability of the proposed adoption, the court may appoint a guardian ad litem for the minor whose adoption is proposed. The guardian ad litem may have witnesses subpoenaed and present proof at the hearing.
48.89
48.89
Recommendation of the department. 48.89(1)
(1) The recommendation of the department is required for the adoption of a child if the child is not under the guardianship of a county department under
s. 48.57 (1) (e) or
(hm) or a child welfare agency under
s. 48.61 (5).
48.89(2)
(2) The department shall make its recommendation to the court at least 10 days before the hearing unless the time is extended by the court. The recommendation shall be part of the record of the proceedings.
48.89(3)
(3) The recommendation of the department shall not be required if the recommendation of the department, a licensed child welfare agency or a county department under
s. 48.57 (1) (e) or
(hm) is required by
s. 48.841, if a report of an investigation by the department, a county department under
s. 48.57 (1) (e) or
(hm) or a licensed child welfare agency is required by
s. 48.88 (2) (a) 2. or if one of the petitioners is a relative of the child.
48.90
48.90
Filing of adoption petition; preadoption residence. 48.90(1)(1) A petition for adoption may be filed at any time if:
48.90(1)(a)
(a) One of the petitioners is a relative of the child by blood, excluding parents whose parental rights have been terminated and persons whose relationship to the child is derived through such parents.
48.90(1)(b)
(b) The petitioner is the child's stepparent.
48.90(1)(c)
(c) The petition is accompanied by a written approval of the guardian.
48.90(1)(d)
(d) The petitioner is the proposed adoptive parent with whom the child has been placed under
s. 48.839.
48.90(2)
(2) Except as provided under
sub. (1), no petition for adoption may be filed unless the child has been in the home of the petitioners for 6 months or more.
48.90(3)
(3) No petition for adoption may be filed unless the petitioners have complied with all applicable provisions of this chapter relating to adoptive placements.
48.90 Annotation
Once administrative proceedings have commenced under 48.64 and the person with whom the child had been placed is seeking a review of the removal order, a children's court has no jurisdiction of an attempted adoption. Adoption of Shawn, 65 W (2d) 190, 222 NW (2d) 139.
48.90 Annotation
Standing to object to adoption proceedings turns on the right to petition for adoption; grandparents excluded from petitioning under sub. (1) (a) had no standing to object to the adoption of their grandchildren. Adoption of J.C.G. 177 W (2d) 424, 501 NW (2d) 908 (Ct. App. 1993).
48.91
48.91
Hearing; order. 48.91(1)(1) The hearing may be in chambers unless an interested person objects. The petitioner and the minor to be adopted, if 14 or older, shall attend unless the court orders otherwise.
48.91(2)
(2) In an adoption proceeding for a nonmarital child who is not adopted or whose parents do not subsequently intermarry under
s. 767.60, the court shall establish whether the rights of any persons who have filed declarations of paternal interest under
s. 48.025 have been determined or whether paternity has been adjudicated in this state or in another jurisdiction. If the court finds that no such determination has been made, the court shall proceed, prior to any action on the petition for adoption, to attempt to ascertain the paternity of the child and the rights of any person who has filed a declaration under
s. 48.025.
48.91(3)
(3) If after the hearing and a study of the report required by
s. 48.88 and the recommendation required by
s. 48.841 or
48.89, the court is satisfied that the necessary consents or recommendations have been filed and that the adoption is in the best interests of the child, the court shall make an order granting the adoption. The order may change the name of the minor to that requested by petitioners.
48.91 Annotation
Meaning of "best interests of the child" discussed. Adoption of Tachick, 60 W (2d) 540, 210 NW (2d) 865.
48.915
48.915
Adoption appeals given preference. An appeal from a judgment granting or denying an adoption shall be given preference.
48.915 History
History: 1987 a. 383;
1993 a. 395 s.
30; Stats. 1993 s. 48.915.
48.92
48.92
Effect of adoption. 48.92(1)(1) After the order of adoption is entered the relation of parent and child and all the rights, duties and other legal consequences of the natural relation of child and parent thereafter exists between the adopted person and the adoptive parents.
48.92(2)
(2) After the order of adoption is entered the relationship of parent and child between the adopted person and the adoptive person's birth parents, unless the birth parent is the spouse of the adoptive parent, shall be completely altered and all the rights, duties and other legal consequences of the relationship shall cease to exist. Notwithstanding the extinction of all parental rights under this subsection, a court may order reasonable visitation under
s. 48.925.
48.92(3)
(3) Rights of inheritance by, from and through an adopted child are governed by
s. 851.51.
48.92(4)
(4) Nothing in this section shall be construed to abrogate the right of the department to make payments to adoptive families under
s. 48.48 (12).
48.92 Annotation
A valid adoption of petitioner by his aunt would preclude his right to inherit as the son of his natural mother, although he would be entitled to inherit as a nephew. Estate of Komarr, 68 W (2d) 473, 228 NW (2d) 681.
48.92 Annotation
See note to 767.245, citing In re Marriage of Soergel, 154 W (2d) 564, 453 NW (2d) 624 (1990).
48.92 Annotation
Adoption of child of deceased parent does not terminate deceased parent's parents' grandparental visitation rights under 880.115. Grandparental Visitation of C.G.F., 168 W (2d) 62, 483 NW (2d) 803 (1992).
48.92 Annotation
Except in the case of stepparent adoption, the parental rights of both birth parents are terminated, effectively preventing a birth parent's nonmarital partner from adopting the birth parent's child. This provision does not violate the constitutional rights of either the child or nonmarital partner. Interest of Angel Lace M. 184 W (2d) 492, 516 NW (2d) 678 (1994).
48.925
48.925
Visitation rights of certain persons. 48.925(1)
(1) Upon petition by a relative who has maintained a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship with a child who has been adopted by a stepparent or relative, the court may grant reasonable visitation rights to that person if the petitioner has maintained such a relationship within 2 years prior to the filing of the petition, if the adoptive parent or parents, or, if a birth parent is the spouse of an adoptive parent, the adoptive parent and birth parent, have notice of the hearing and if the court determines all of the following:
