401.207 Performance or acceptance under reservation of rights.
401.208 Option to accelerate at will.
401.209 Subordinated obligations.
SHORT TITLE, CONSTRUCTION, APPLICATION AND SUBJECT MATTER.
401.101 401.101 Short title. Chapters 401 to 411 shall be known and may be cited as uniform commercial code.
401.101 History History: 1979 c. 177; 1991 a. 148, 304, 315.
401.102 401.102 Purposes; rules of construction; variation by agreement.
401.102(1)(1)Chapters 401 to 411 shall be liberally construed and applied to promote its underlying purposes and policies.
401.102(2) (2) Underlying purposes and policies of chs. 401 to 411 are:
401.102(2)(a) (a) To simplify, clarify and modernize the law governing commercial transactions;
401.102(2)(b) (b) To permit the continued expansion of commercial practices through custom, usage and agreement of the parties;
401.102(2)(c) (c) To make uniform the law among the various jurisdictions.
401.102(3) (3) The effect of chs. 401 to 411 may be varied by agreement, except as otherwise provided in chs. 401 to 411 and except that the obligations of good faith, diligence, reasonableness and care prescribed by chs. 401 to 411 may not be disclaimed by agreement but the parties may by agreement determine the standards by which the performance of such obligations is to be measured if such standards are not manifestly unreasonable.
401.102(4) (4) The presence in certain provisions of chs. 401 to 411 of the words "unless otherwise agreed" or words of similar import does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be varied by agreement under sub. (3).
401.102(5) (5) In chs. 401 to 411 unless the context otherwise requires:
401.102(5)(a) (a) Words in the singular number include the plural, and in the plural include the singular;
401.102(5)(b) (b) Words of the masculine gender include the feminine and the neuter, and when the sense so indicates words of the neuter gender may refer to any gender.
401.102 History History: 1979 c. 89; 1991 a. 148, 304, 315.
401.103 401.103 Supplementary general principles of law applicable. Unless displaced by the particular provisions of chs. 401 to 411 the principles of law and equity, including the law merchant and the law relative to capacity to contract, principal and agent, estoppel, fraud, misrepresentation, duress, coercion, mistake, bankruptcy, or other validating or invalidating cause shall supplement its provisions.
401.103 History History: 1979 c. 89; 1991 a. 148, 304, 315.
401.104 401.104 Construction against implicit repeal. Chapters 401 to 411 being a general act intended as a unified coverage of its subject matter, no part of it shall be deemed to be impliedly repealed by subsequent legislation if such construction can reasonably be avoided.
401.104 History History: 1979 c. 89; 1991 a. 148, 304, 315.
401.105 401.105 Territorial application of chs. 401 to 411;parties' power to choose applicable law.
401.105(1) (1) Except as provided in this section, when a transaction bears a reasonable relation to this state and also to another state or nation the parties may agree that the law either of this state or of such other state or nation shall govern their rights and duties. Failing such agreement chs. 401 to 411 apply to transactions bearing an appropriate relation to this state.
401.105(2) (2) Where one of the following provisions of chs. 401 to 411 specifies the applicable law, that provision governs and a contrary agreement is effective only to the extent permitted by the law (including the conflict of laws rules) so specified:
401.105(2)(a) (a) Section 402.402 on rights of creditors against sold goods.
401.105(2)(b) (b) Section 404.102 on applicability of ch. 404.
401.105(2)(c) (c) Section 406.102 on bulk transfers subject to ch. 406.
401.105(2)(d) (d) Section 408.110 on applicability of ch. 408.
401.105(2)(e) (e) Section 409.103 on the perfection provisions of ch. 409.
401.105(2)(f) (f) Section 410.507 on the governing law on funds transfers.
401.105(2)(g) (g) Sections 411.105 and 411.106 on applicability of ch. 411.
401.105 History History: 1973 c. 215; 1979 c. 89; 1991 a. 148, 304, 315; 1997 a. 297.
401.105 Note NOTE: See 127.18 concerning conflicts between chs. 401 to 411 and ch. 127 concerning warehouse keepers and grain dealers security act.
401.105 Annotation Reasonable relation and party autonomy under the uniform commercial code. Ryan, 63 MLR 219 (1979).
401.106 401.106 Remedies to be liberally administered.
401.106(1)(1) The remedies provided by chs. 401 to 411 shall be liberally administered to the end that the aggrieved party may be put in as good a position as if the other party had fully performed but neither consequential or special nor penal damages may be had except as specifically provided in chs. 401 to 411 or by other rule of law.
401.106(2) (2) Any right or obligation declared by chs. 401 to 411 is enforceable by action unless the provision declaring it specifies a different and limited effect.
401.106 History History: 1979 c. 89; 1991 a. 148, 304, 315.
401.107 401.107 Waiver or renunciation of claim or right after breach. Any claim or right arising out of an alleged breach can be discharged in whole or in part without consideration by a written waiver or renunciation signed and delivered by the aggrieved party.
401.108 401.108 Severability. If any provision or clause of chs. 401 to 409 or application thereof to any person or circumstances is held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect other provisions or applications of chs. 401 to 409 which can be given effect without the invalid provision or application, and to this end the provisions of chs. 401 to 409 are declared to be severable.
401.108 History History: 1979 c. 89.
401.109 401.109 Section captions. Section captions are parts of chs. 401 to 411, notwithstanding s. 990.001 (6).
401.109 History History: 1979 c. 89; 1993 a. 213.
GENERAL DEFINITIONS AND PRINCIPLES
OF INTERPRETATION.
401.201 401.201 General definitions. Subject to additional definitions contained in chs. 402 to 411 which are applicable to specific chapters or parts thereof, and unless the context otherwise requires, in chs. 401 to 411:
401.201(1) (1) "Action" in the sense of a judicial proceeding includes recoupment, counterclaim, setoff, suit in equity and any other proceedings in which rights are determined.
401.201(2) (2) "Aggrieved party" means a party entitled to resort to a remedy.
401.201(3) (3) "Agreement" means the bargain of the parties in fact as found in their language or by implication from other circumstances including course of dealing or usage of trade or course of performance as provided in chs. 401 to 411 (ss. 401.205 and 402.208). Whether an agreement has legal consequences is determined by chs. 401 to 411, if applicable; otherwise by the law of contracts (s. 401.103). (Compare "Contract".)
401.201(4) (4) "Bank" means any person engaged in the business of banking.
401.201(5) (5) "Bearer" means the person in possession of an instrument, document of title, or certificated security payable to bearer or endorsed in blank.
401.201(6) (6) "Bill of lading" means a document evidencing the receipt of goods for shipment issued by a person engaged in the business of transporting or forwarding goods, and includes an airbill. "Airbill" means a document serving for air transportation as a bill of lading does for marine or rail transportation, and includes an air consignment note or air waybill.
401.201(7) (7) "Branch" includes a separately incorporated foreign branch of a bank.
401.201(8) (8) "Burden of establishing" a fact means the burden of persuading the triers of fact that the existence of the fact is more probable than its nonexistence.
401.201(9) (9) "Buyer in ordinary course of business" means a person who in good faith and without knowledge that the sale to the person is in violation of the ownership rights or security interest of a 3rd party in the goods buys in ordinary course from a person in the business of selling goods of that kind but does not include a pawnbroker. All persons who sell minerals or the like (including oil and gas) at wellhead or minehead shall be deemed to be persons in the business of selling goods of that kind. "Buying" may be for cash or by exchange of other property or on secured or unsecured credit and includes receiving goods or documents of title under a preexisting contract for sale but does not include a transfer in bulk or as security for or in total or partial satisfaction of a money debt.
401.201(10) (10) "Conspicuous": A term or clause is conspicuous when it is so written that a reasonable person against whom it is to operate ought to have noticed it. A printed heading in capitals (as: NONNEGOTIABLE BILL OF LADING) is conspicuous. Language in the body of a form is "conspicuous" if it is in larger or other contrasting type or color. But in a telegram any stated term is "conspicuous". Whether a term or clause is "conspicuous" or not is for decision by the court.
401.201(11) (11) "Contract" means the total legal obligation which results from the parties' agreement as affected by chs. 401 to 411 and any other applicable rules of law. (Compare "Agreement".)
401.201(12) (12) "Creditor" includes a general creditor, a secured creditor, a lien creditor and any representative of creditors, including an assignee for the benefit of creditors, a trustee in bankruptcy, a receiver in equity and an executor or administrator of an insolvent debtor's or assignor's estate.
401.201(13) (13) "Defendant" includes a person in the position of defendant in a cross-action or counterclaim.
401.201(14) (14) "Delivery" with respect to instruments, documents of title, chattel paper or certificated securities means voluntary transfer of possession.
401.201(15) (15) "Document of title" includes bill of lading, dock warrant, dock receipt, warehouse receipt or order for the delivery of goods, and also any other document which in the regular course of business or financing is treated as adequately evidencing that the person in possession of it is entitled to receive, hold and dispose of the document and the goods it covers. To be a document of title a document must purport to be issued by or addressed to a bailee and purport to cover goods in the bailee's possession which are either identified or are fungible portions of an identified mass.
401.201(16) (16) "Fault" means wrongful act, omission or breach.
401.201(17) (17) "Fungible" with respect to goods or securities means goods or securities of which any unit is, by nature or usage of trade, the equivalent of any other like unit. Goods which are not fungible shall be deemed fungible for chs. 401 to 411 to the extent that under a particular agreement or document unlike units are treated as equivalents.
401.201(18) (18) "Genuine" means free of forgery or counterfeiting.
401.201(19) (19) "Good faith" means honesty in fact in the conduct or transaction concerned.
401.201(20) (20) "Holder", with respect to a negotiable instrument, means the person in possession if the instrument is payable to bearer or, in the case of an instrument payable to an identified person, if the identified person is in possession. "Holder", with respect to a document of title, means the person in possession if the goods are deliverable to bearer or to the order of the person in possession.
401.201(21) (21) To "honor" is to pay or to accept and pay, or where a credit so engages to purchase or discount a draft complying with the terms of the credit.
401.201(22) (22) "Insolvency proceedings" includes any assignment for the benefit of creditors or other proceedings intended to liquidate or rehabilitate the estate of the person involved.
401.201(23) (23) A person is "insolvent" who either has ceased to pay his or her debts in the ordinary course of business or cannot pay his or her debts as they become due or is insolvent within the meaning of the federal bankruptcy law.
401.201(23m) (23m) A person "knows" or has "knowledge" of a fact when the person has actual knowledge of it. "Discover" or "learn" or a word or phrase of similar import refers to knowledge rather than to reason to know. The time and circumstances under which a notice or notification may cease to be effective are not determined by chs. 401 to 411.
401.201(24) (24) "Money" means a medium of exchange authorized or adopted by a domestic or foreign government and includes a monetary unit of account established by an intergovernmental organization or by agreement between 2 or more nations.
401.201(25) (25) A person has "notice" of a fact when:
401.201(25)(a) (a) The person has actual knowledge of it; or
401.201(25)(b) (b) The person has received a notice or notification of it; or
401.201(25)(c) (c) From all the facts and circumstances known at the time in question the person has reason to know that it exists.
401.201(26) (26)
401.201(26)(a)(a) A person "notifies" or "gives" a notice or notification to another by taking such steps as may be reasonably required to inform the other in ordinary course whether or not such other actually comes to know of it. A person "receives" a notice or notification when:
401.201(26)(a)1. 1. It comes to the person's attention; or
401.201(26)(a)2. 2. It is duly delivered at the place of business through which the contract was made or at any other place held out by the person as the place for receipt of such communications.
401.201(26)(b) (b) Notice, knowledge or a notice or notification received by an organization is effective for a particular transaction from the time when it is brought to the attention of the individual conducting that transaction, and in any event from the time when it would have been brought to the individual's attention if the organization had exercised due diligence. An organization exercises due diligence if it maintains reasonable routines for communicating significant information to the person conducting the transaction and there is reasonable compliance with the routines. Due diligence does not require an individual acting for the organization to communicate information unless such communication is part of the individual's regular duties or unless the individual has reason to know of the transaction and that the transaction would be materially affected by the information.
401.201(28) (28) "Organization" includes a corporation, government or governmental subdivision or agency, business trust, estate, trust, partnership or association, 2 or more persons having a joint or common interest, or any other legal or commercial entity.
401.201(29) (29) "Party", as distinct from "3rd party", means a person who has engaged in a transaction or made an agreement within chs. 401 to 411.
401.201(30) (30) "Person" includes an individual or an organization (See s. 401.102).
401.201(31) (31) "Presumption" or "presumed" means that the trier of fact must find the existence of the fact presumed unless and until evidence is introduced which would support a finding of its nonexistence.
401.201(32) (32) "Purchase" includes taking by sale, discount, negotiation, mortgage, pledge, lien, issue or reissue, gift or any other voluntary transaction creating an interest in property.
401.201(33) (33) "Purchaser" means a person who takes by purchase.
401.201(34) (34) "Remedy" means any remedial right to which an aggrieved party is entitled with or without resort to a tribunal.
401.201(35) (35) "Representative" includes an agent, an officer of a corporation or association, and a trustee, executor or administrator of an estate, or any other person empowered to act for another.
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This is an archival version of the Wis. Stats. database for 1997. See Are the Statutes on this Website Official?