175.40 Annotation
In addition to issuing a citation for an observed violation, an officer, after observing a traffic violation and pursuing the defendant into another jurisdiction where the stop was made, was entitled to question the defendant beyond the purpose for which the stop was made and to issue citations for other violations when additional suspicious factors came to the officer's attention during the stop. State v. Haynes, 2001 WI App 266,
248 Wis. 2d 724,
638 N.W.2d 82,
00-3083.
175.40 Annotation
Suppression is not required when a police officer acts without authority outside his or her jurisdiction. Suppression is not required except when evidence is obtained in violation of a constitutional right or in violation of a statute providing suppression as a remedy. State v. Keith, 2003 WI App 47,
260 Wis. 2d 592,
659 N.W.2d 403,
02-0583.
175.40 Annotation
Municipal Police Officers Right to Stop and Arrest in Foreign Jurisdictions. Kershek. Wis. Law. Dec. 1992.
175.41
175.41
Arrest and assistance; wardens employed by the Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission. 175.41(1)(a)
(a) "Ceded territory" means the territory in Wisconsin ceded by the Chippewa Indians to the United States in the treaty of 1837, 7 Stat. 536, and the treaty of 1842, 7 Stat. 591.
175.41(1)(b)
(b) "Commission" means the Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission.
175.41(1)(c)
(c) "Commission warden" means a conservation warden employed by the commission.
175.41(2)
(2) For purposes of civil and criminal liability, a commission warden may, when in fresh pursuit, follow anywhere in the state outside the ceded territory and arrest any of the following:
175.41(2)(a)
(a) A Chippewa tribal member for violation of the Chippewa off-reservation conservation code, if the conditions of
sub. (3) (a) and
(e) are met.
175.41(2)(b)
(b) Any person for violation of the laws of this state, if the conditions of
sub. (3) (a) to
(e) are met.
175.41(3)
(3) Within the ceded territory, a commission warden may arrest a person for violation of state law or provide aid or assistance to a Wisconsin peace officer if all of the following criteria are met:
175.41(3)(a)
(a) The commission warden is on duty and on official business.
175.41(3)(b)1.
1. The commission warden is responding to any of the following:
175.41(3)(b)1.a.
a. An emergency situation that poses a significant threat to life or a significant threat of bodily harm.
175.41(3)(b)1.b.
b. Acts that the commission warden believes, on reasonable grounds, constitute a felony.
175.41(3)(b)2.
2. The commission warden is rendering aid or assistance to a Wisconsin peace officer in an emergency or at the request of the Wisconsin peace officer.
175.41(3)(c)
(c) The commission warden meets the requirements of
s. 165.85 (4) (b) 1.,
(bn) 1., and
(c) and has agreed to accept the duties of a law enforcement officer under the laws of this state.
175.41(3)(d)
(d) The commission has adopted and implemented written policies regarding making arrests and rendering aid or assistance under this subsection, including a policy on notification to and cooperation with the law enforcement agency of the jurisdiction in which such arrests are made.
175.41(3)(e)
(e) The commission maintains liability insurance that does all of the following:
175.41(3)(e)1.
1. Covers the commission and commission wardens for acts and omissions under
sub. (4).
175.41(3)(e)2.
2. Has a limit of coverage not less than $2,000,000 for any occurrence.
175.41(3)(e)3.
3. Provides that the insurer, in defending a claim against the policy, may not raise the defense of sovereign immunity of the insured up to the limits of the policy.
175.41(4)
(4) Except as otherwise provided in an agreement between the commission and the state or a subdivision of the state, the commission is liable for all acts and omissions of a commission warden while acting under
sub. (2) or
(3), and neither the state nor any political subdivision of the state may be held liable for any action of a commission warden taken under the authority of
sub. (2) or
(3). For purposes of civil and criminal liability, a commission warden acting under
sub. (2) or
(3) is considered to be acting in an official capacity.
175.41(5)
(5) Subsections (2) and
(3) apply only if the commission has presented evidence to the department of justice of the insurance under
sub. (3) (e). Upon receipt of evidence of insurance under
sub. (3) (e), the department of justice shall notify the sheriff of each county in the ceded territory that the commission has met this criterion for performing the powers and duties described under
subs. (2) and
(3).
175.41 History
History: 2007 a. 27.
175.46
175.46
Mutual aid agreements. 175.46(1)(a)
(a) "Border county" means any of the following:
175.46(1)(a)1.
1. Any Wisconsin county that has land that is within 5 miles from any land of a physically adjacent state, as measured, where applicable, by any land that is above the ordinary high water mark.
175.46(1)(a)2.
2. Any county of a physically adjacent state which county has land that is within 5 miles from any land of Wisconsin, as measured, where applicable, by any land that is above the ordinary high water mark.
175.46(1)(b)
(b) "Law enforcement agency of a physically adjacent state" means a governmental unit of one or more persons employed by a physically adjacent state or a political subdivision of a physically adjacent state for the purpose of preventing and detecting crime and enforcing state laws or local ordinances, employees of which unit are authorized to make arrests for crimes while acting within the scope of their authority.
175.46(1)(c)
(c) "Law enforcement officer of a physically adjacent state" means any person employed by a physically adjacent state or any political subdivision of a physically adjacent state, for the purpose of detecting and preventing crime and enforcing laws or ordinances and who is authorized to make arrests for violations of the laws or ordinances he or she is employed to enforce.
175.46(1)(d)
(d) "Physically adjacent state" means Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois or Michigan.
175.46(1)(e)
(e) "Political subdivision" means a county, city, village or town.
175.46(1)(f)
(f) "Wisconsin law enforcement agency" means a governmental unit of one or more persons employed by this state or a political subdivision of this state for the purpose of preventing and detecting crime and enforcing state laws or local ordinances, employees of which unit are authorized to make arrests for crimes while acting within the scope of their authority.
175.46(1)(g)
(g) "Wisconsin law enforcement officer" means any person employed by this state or any political subdivision of this state, for the purpose of detecting and preventing crime and enforcing laws or ordinances and who is authorized to make arrests for violations of the laws or ordinances he or she is employed to enforce.
175.46(2)
(2) Except as provided in
sub. (8), a Wisconsin law enforcement agency may enter into a mutual aid agreement with a law enforcement agency of a physically adjacent state authorizing one or more of the following:
175.46(2)(a)
(a) Law enforcement officers of the law enforcement agency of the physically adjacent state to act with some or all of the arrest and other police authority of a law enforcement officer of the Wisconsin law enforcement agency while within the Wisconsin law enforcement agency's territorial jurisdiction and within a border county.
175.46(2)(b)
(b) Law enforcement officers of the Wisconsin law enforcement agency to act with some or all of the arrest and other police authority of a law enforcement officer of the law enforcement agency of the physically adjacent state while within that agency's territorial jurisdiction and within a border county.
175.46(3)
(3) An agreement under this section shall be written and may be on an individual case-by-case basis or may be on a continuing basis until terminated by either agency.
175.46(4)
(4) An agreement under this section may grant authority to an officer only to enforce laws and make arrests for violations of laws that are similar to the types of laws that he or she is authorized to enforce or make arrests for regarding violations of in his or her home state.
175.46(5)(a)(a) Except as provided in
par. (b), any agreement under this section shall provide that any Wisconsin law enforcement officer, acting under the agreement in another state, shall continue to be covered by his or her employing agency for purposes of worker's compensation, unemployment insurance, benefits under
ch. 40 and civil liability and any officer of another state acting in Wisconsin under the agreement shall continue to be covered for worker's compensation, unemployment insurance, disability and other employee benefits and civil liability purposes by his or her employing agency in his or her home state. Any Wisconsin officer acting within an adjoining state, under the agreement, is considered while so acting to be in the ordinary course of his or her employment with his or her employing Wisconsin law enforcement agency.
175.46(5)(b)
(b) An agreement under this section shall provide that any Wisconsin law enforcement officer, acting under the agreement in another state, is subject to any immunity from liability or limit on liability to the same extent as any officer of the other state. An agreement under this section shall provide that any law enforcement officer of another state, acting under the agreement in Wisconsin, is subject to any immunity from liability or limit on liability to the same extent as a Wisconsin law enforcement officer.
175.46(6)
(6) No law enforcement officer of a physically adjacent state, acting under an agreement under this section, may be considered, for liability purposes, as an employee or agent of this state or any Wisconsin law enforcement agency for his or her actions within this state regardless of the supervision or control of the officer's actions while within this state. The officer of the physically adjacent state is considered as continuing to be an employee of the agency employing him or her in the officer's home state.
175.46(7)
(7) Any agreement under this section entered into by a Wisconsin law enforcement agency may include any terms and conditions considered appropriate by that agency, except the agreement shall comply with this section.
175.46(8)
(8) At least 30 days prior to entering into an agreement under
sub. (2), a Wisconsin law enforcement agency shall submit a copy of the proposed agreement to the department of justice for the department's review and comment. The department shall provide its comments to the Wisconsin law enforcement agency within 21 days after the department receives the proposed agreement. The Wisconsin law enforcement agency need not have the consent of the department to enter into the agreement. The Wisconsin law enforcement agency may revise the proposed agreement without having to resubmit the proposed agreement to the department.
175.46 History
History: 1993 a. 49;
1993 a. 490 s.
154; Stats. 1993 s. 175.46;
1997 a. 39.
175.50
175.50
Eyewitness identification procedures. 175.50(1)(b)
(b) "Suspect" means a person suspected of committing a crime.
175.50(2)
(2) Each law enforcement agency shall adopt written policies for using an eyewitness to identify a suspect upon viewing the suspect in person or upon viewing a representation of the suspect. The policies shall be designed to reduce the potential for erroneous identifications by eyewitnesses in criminal cases.
175.50(3)
(3) A law enforcement agency shall biennially review policies adopted under this section.
175.50(4)
(4) In developing and revising policies under this section, a law enforcement agency shall consider model policies and policies adopted by other jurisdictions.
175.50(5)
(5) A law enforcement agency shall consider including in policies adopted under this section practices to enhance the objectivity and reliability of eyewitness identifications and to minimize the possibility of mistaken identifications, including the following:
175.50(5)(a)
(a) To the extent feasible, having a person who does not know the identity of the suspect administer the eyewitness' viewing of individuals or representations.
175.50(5)(b)
(b) To the extent feasible, showing individuals or representations sequentially rather than simultaneously to an eyewitness.
175.50(5)(c)
(c) Minimizing factors that influence an eyewitness to identify a suspect or overstate his or her confidence level in identifying a suspect, including verbal or nonverbal reactions of the person administering the eyewitness' viewing of individuals or representations.
175.50(5)(d)
(d) Documenting the procedure by which the eyewitness views the suspect or a representation of the suspect and documenting the results or outcome of the procedure.
175.50 History
History: 2005 a. 60.
175.50 Annotation
Instituting Innocence Reform: Wisconsin's New Government Experiment. Kruse. 2006 WLR 645.
