48.41 Annotation
The minimum information that must be found on the record to support a finding that a minor parent's consent was voluntary and informed is set forth. In Interest of D. L. S.
112 Wis. 2d 180,
332 N.W.2d 293 (1983).
48.41 Annotation
Enforcement of surrogacy agreements promotes stability and permanence in family relationships because it allows the intended parents to plan for the arrival of their child, reinforces the expectations of all parties to the agreement, and reduces contentious litigation. The surrogacy agreement in this case was enforceable except for the portions of the agreement requiring a voluntary termination of parental rights (TPR). The TPR provisions did not comply with the procedural safeguards set forth in s. 48.41 for a voluntary TPR because the biological mother would not consent to the TPR and there was no legal basis for involuntary termination. The TPR provisions were severable. Rosecky v. Schissel,
2013 WI 66,
349 Wis. 2d 84,
833 N.W.2d 634,
11-2166.
48.415
48.415
Grounds for involuntary termination of parental rights. At the fact-finding hearing the court or jury shall determine whether grounds exist for the termination of parental rights. If the child is an Indian child, the court or jury shall also determine at the fact-finding hearing whether continued custody of the Indian child by the Indian child's parent or Indian custodian is likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the Indian child under
s. 48.028 (4) (e) 1. and whether active efforts under
s. 48.028 (4) (e) 2. have been made to prevent the breakup of the Indian child's family and whether those efforts have proved unsuccessful, unless partial summary judgment on the grounds for termination of parental rights is granted, in which case the court shall make those determinations at the dispositional hearing. Grounds for termination of parental rights shall be one of the following:
48.415(1)(a)(a) Abandonment, which, subject to
par. (c), shall be established by proving any of the following:
48.415(1)(a)1.
1. That the child has been left without provision for the child's care or support, the petitioner has investigated the circumstances surrounding the matter and for 60 days the petitioner has been unable to find either parent.
48.415(1)(a)1m.
1m. That the child has been left by the parent without provision for the child's care or support in a place or manner that exposes the child to substantial risk of great bodily harm, as defined in
s. 939.22 (14), or death.
48.415(1)(a)1r.
1r. That a court of competent jurisdiction has found under
s. 48.13 (2) or under a law of any other state or a federal law that is comparable to
s. 48.13 (2) that the child was abandoned when the child was under one year of age or has found that the parent abandoned the child when the child was under one year of age in violation of
s. 948.20 or in violation of the law of any other state or federal law, if that violation would be a violation of
s. 948.20 if committed in this state.
48.415(1)(a)2.
2. That the child has been placed, or continued in a placement, outside the parent's home by a court order containing the notice required by
s. 48.356 (2) or
938.356 (2) and the parent has failed to visit or communicate with the child for a period of 3 months or longer.
48.415(1)(a)3.
3. The child has been left by the parent with any person, the parent knows or could discover the whereabouts of the child and the parent has failed to visit or communicate with the child for a period of 6 months or longer.
48.415(1)(b)
(b) Incidental contact between parent and child shall not preclude the court from finding that the parent has failed to visit or communicate with the child under
par. (a) 2. or
3. The time periods under
par. (a) 2. or
3. shall not include any periods during which the parent has been prohibited by judicial order from visiting or communicating with the child.
48.415(1)(c)
(c) Abandonment is not established under
par. (a) 2. or
3. if the parent proves all of the following by a preponderance of the evidence:
48.415(1)(c)1.
1. That the parent had good cause for having failed to visit with the child throughout the time period specified in
par. (a) 2. or
3., whichever is applicable.
48.415(1)(c)2.
2. That the parent had good cause for having failed to communicate with the child throughout the time period specified in
par. (a) 2. or
3., whichever is applicable.
48.415(1)(c)3.
3. If the parent proves good cause under
subd. 2., including good cause based on evidence that the child's age or condition would have rendered any communication with the child meaningless, that one of the following occurred:
48.415(1)(c)3.a.
a. The parent communicated about the child with the person or persons who had physical custody of the child during the time period specified in
par. (a) 2. or
3., whichever is applicable, or, if
par. (a) 2. is applicable, with the agency responsible for the care of the child during the time period specified in
par. (a) 2.
48.415(1)(c)3.b.
b. The parent had good cause for having failed to communicate about the child with the person or persons who had physical custody of the child or the agency responsible for the care of the child throughout the time period specified in
par. (a) 2. or
3., whichever is applicable.
48.415(1m)
(1m) Relinquishment. Relinquishment, which shall be established by proving that a court of competent jurisdiction has found under
s. 48.13 (2m) that the parent has relinquished custody of the child under
s. 48.195 (1) when the child was 72 hours old or younger.
48.415(2)
(2) Continuing need of protection or services. Continuing need of protection or services, which shall be established by proving any of the following:
48.415(2)(a)2.a.a. In this subdivision, “
reasonable effort" means an earnest and conscientious effort to take good faith steps to provide the services ordered by the court which takes into consideration the characteristics of the parent or child or of the expectant mother or child, the level of cooperation of the parent or expectant mother and other relevant circumstances of the case.
48.415(2)(a)2.b.
b. That the agency responsible for the care of the child and the family or of the unborn child and expectant mother has made a reasonable effort to provide the services ordered by the court.
48.415(2)(a)3.
3. That the child has been outside the home for a cumulative total period of 6 months or longer pursuant to such orders not including time spent outside the home as an unborn child; and that the parent has failed to meet the conditions established for the safe return of the child to the home and there is a substantial likelihood that the parent will not meet these conditions within the 9-month period following the fact-finding hearing under
s. 48.424.
48.415(2)(am)1.1. That on 3 or more occasions the child has been adjudicated to be in need of protection or services under
s. 48.13 (3),
(3m),
(10) or
(10m) and, in connection with each of those adjudications, has been placed outside his or her home pursuant to a court order under
s. 48.345 containing the notice required by
s. 48.356 (2).
48.415(2)(am)2.
2. That the conditions that led to the child's placement outside his or her home under each order specified in
subd. 1. were caused by the parent.
48.415(3)
(3) Continuing parental disability. Continuing parental disability, which shall be established by proving that:
48.415(3)(a)
(a) The parent is presently, and for a cumulative total period of at least 2 years within the 5 years immediately prior to the filing of the petition has been, an inpatient at one or more hospitals as defined in
s. 50.33 (2) (a),
(b) or
(c), licensed treatment facilities as defined in
s. 51.01 (2) or state treatment facilities as defined in
s. 51.01 (15) on account of mental illness as defined in
s. 51.01 (13) (a) or
(b), developmental disability as defined in
s. 55.01 (2), or other like incapacities, as defined in
s. 55.01 (5);
48.415(3)(b)
(b) The condition of the parent is likely to continue indefinitely; and
48.415(3)(c)
(c) The child is not being provided with adequate care by a relative who has legal custody of the child, or by a parent or a guardian.
48.415(4)
(4) Continuing denial of periods of physical placement or visitation. Continuing denial of periods of physical placement or visitation, which shall be established by proving all of the following:
48.415(4)(b)
(b) That at least one year has elapsed since the order denying periods of physical placement or visitation was issued and the court has not subsequently modified its order so as to permit periods of physical placement or visitation.
48.415(5)
(5) Child abuse. Child abuse, which shall be established by proving that the parent has exhibited a pattern of physically or sexually abusive behavior which is a substantial threat to the health of the child who is the subject of the petition and proving either of the following:
48.415(5)(a)
(a) That the parent has caused death or injury to a child or children resulting in a felony conviction.
48.415(5)(b)
(b) That a child has previously been removed from the parent's home pursuant to a court order under
s. 48.345 after an adjudication that the child is in need of protection or services under
s. 48.13 (3) or
(3m).
48.415(6)
(6) Failure to assume parental responsibility. 48.415(6)(a)(a) Failure to assume parental responsibility, which shall be established by proving that the parent or the person or persons who may be the parent of the child have not had a substantial parental relationship with the child.
48.415(6)(b)
(b) In this subsection, “
substantial parental relationship" means the acceptance and exercise of significant responsibility for the daily supervision, education, protection and care of the child. In evaluating whether the person has had a substantial parental relationship with the child, the court may consider such factors, including, but not limited to, whether the person has expressed concern for or interest in the support, care or well-being of the child, whether the person has neglected or refused to provide care or support for the child and whether, with respect to a person who is or may be the father of the child, the person has expressed concern for or interest in the support, care or well-being of the mother during her pregnancy.
48.415(7)
(7) Incestuous parenthood. Incestuous parenthood, which shall be established by proving that the person whose parental rights are sought to be terminated is also related, either by blood or adoption, to the child's other parent in a degree of kinship closer than 2nd cousin.
48.415(8)
(8) Homicide or solicitation to commit homicide of parent. Homicide or solicitation to commit homicide of a parent, which shall be established by proving that a parent of the child has been a victim of first-degree intentional homicide in violation of
s. 940.01, first-degree reckless homicide in violation of
s. 940.02 or 2nd-degree intentional homicide in violation of
s. 940.05 or a crime under federal law or the law of any other state that is comparable to any of those crimes, or has been the intended victim of a solicitation to commit first-degree intentional homicide in violation of
s. 939.30 or a crime under federal law or the law of any other state that is comparable to that crime, and that the person whose parental rights are sought to be terminated has been convicted of that intentional or reckless homicide, solicitation or crime under federal law or the law of any other state as evidenced by a final judgment of conviction.
48.415(9)
(9) Parenthood as a result of sexual assault. 48.415(9)(a)(a) Parenthood as a result of sexual assault, which shall be established by proving that the child was conceived as a result of a sexual assault in violation of
s. 940.225 (1),
(2) or
(3),
948.02 (1) or
(2),
948.025, or
948.085. Conception as a result of sexual assault as specified in this paragraph may be proved by a final judgment of conviction or other evidence produced at a fact-finding hearing under
s. 48.424 indicating that the person who may be the father of the child committed, during a possible time of conception, a sexual assault as specified in this paragraph against the mother of the child.
48.415(9)(b)
(b) If the conviction or other evidence specified in
par. (a) indicates that the child was conceived as a result of a sexual assault in violation of
s. 948.02 (1) or
(2) or
948.085, the mother of the child may be heard on her desire for the termination of the father's parental rights.
48.415(9m)
(9m) Commission of a felony against a child. 48.415(9m)(a)(a) Commission of a serious felony against one of the person's children, which shall be established by proving that a child of the person whose parental rights are sought to be terminated was the victim of a serious felony and that the person whose parental rights are sought to be terminated has been convicted of that serious felony as evidenced by a final judgment of conviction.
48.415(9m)(am)
(am) Commission of a violation of
s. 948.051 involving any child or a violation of the law of any other state or federal law, if that violation would be a violation of
s. 948.051 involving any child if committed in this state.
48.415(9m)(b)
(b) In this subsection, “
serious felony" means any of the following:
48.415(9m)(b)1.
1. The commission of, the aiding or abetting of, or the solicitation, conspiracy or attempt to commit, a violation of
s. 940.01,
940.02,
940.03 or
940.05 or a violation of the law of any other state or federal law, if that violation would be a violation of
s. 940.01,
940.02,
940.03 or
940.05 if committed in this state.
48.415(9m)(b)2.a.a. The commission of a violation of s.
940.19 (3), 1999 stats., a violation of
s. 940.19 (2),
(4) or
(5),
940.225 (1) or
(2),
948.02 (1) or
(2),
948.025,
948.03 (2) (a),
(3) (a), or
(5) (a) 1.,
2., or
3.,
948.05,
948.051,
948.06, or
948.08, or a violation of
s. 940.302 (2) if
s. 940.302 (2) (a) 1. b. applies.
48.415(9m)(b)2.b.
b. A violation of the law of any other state or federal law, if that violation would be a violation listed under
subd. 2. a. if committed in this state.
48.415(9m)(b)3.
3. The commission of a violation of
s. 948.21 or a violation of the law of any other state or federal law, if that violation would be a violation of
s. 948.21 if committed in this state, that resulted in the death of the victim.
48.415(10)
(10) Prior involuntary termination of parental rights to another child. Prior involuntary termination of parental rights to another child, which shall be established by proving all of the following:
48.415(10)(a)
(a) That the child who is the subject of the petition has been adjudged to be in need of protection or services under
s. 48.13 (2),
(3) or
(10); or that the child who is the subject of the petition was born after the filing of a petition under this subsection whose subject is a sibling of the child.
48.415(10)(b)
(b) That, within 3 years prior to the date the court adjudged the child to be in need of protection or services as specified in
par. (a) or, in the case of a child born after the filing of a petition as specified in
par. (a), within 3 years prior to the date of birth of the child, a court has ordered the termination of parental rights with respect to another child of the person whose parental rights are sought to be terminated on one or more of the grounds specified in this section.
48.415 History
History: 1979 c. 330;
1983 a. 189 s.
329 (5);
1983 a. 326;
1983 a. 447 ss.
8,
67;
1983 a. 488,
538;
1987 a. 355,
383;
1989 a. 86;
1993 a. 235,
395;
1995 a. 77,
108,
225,
275;
1997 a. 35,
80,
237,
292,
294;
1999 a. 9,
32;
2001 a. 2,
109;
2005 a. 277,
293;
2007 a. 45,
116;
2009 a. 94;
2011 a. 257 s.
56;
2011 a. 271;
2015 a. 366.
48.415 Annotation
Consent by the mother subsequent to the birth of the child to termination of her parental rights in its best interests so that the child might be placed for adoption constituted an abandonment, and although she was permitted to withdraw that consent by a previous decision of the supreme court, the best interests of the child require modification of the court order to effect a termination of her parental rights. Lewis v. Lutheran Social Services,
68 Wis. 2d 36,
227 N.W.2d 643 (1975).
48.415 Annotation
A termination order was not supported by sufficient findings when the findings merely repeated statutory language and made no determination of the best interests of the child. Termination of Parental Rights to T. R. M.
100 Wis. 2d 681,
303 N.W.2d 581 (1981).
48.415 Annotation
A parent has constitutionally protected rights to the care, custody, and management of a child. In Interest of J. L. W.
102 Wis. 2d 118,
306 N.W.2d 46 (1981).
48.415 Annotation
The dismissal of termination proceedings on grounds of abandonment because only 2 of 6 dispositional orders contained statutory warnings was inappropriate. The warning is only required in one order. In Interest of K.K.
162 Wis. 2d 431,
469 N.W.2d 881 (Ct. App. 1991).
48.415 Annotation
The abandonment period under sub. (1) (a) 3. need not immediately precede filing of the petition. If abandonment is found, termination is still discretionary. In Interest of T.P.S.
168 Wis. 2d 259,
483 N.W.2d 591 (Ct. App. 1992).
48.415 Annotation
While the CHIPS judge must notify the parents of possible termination grounds in the written dispositional order and repeat that information orally to any parent present in court, proof that the oral notice was given is not required in later termination proceedings under sub. (2) (a). In Interest of D.P.
170 Wis. 2d 313,
488 N.W.2d 133 (Ct. App. 1992).
48.415 Annotation
A developmentally disabled father's allegation that the county, in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act, did not take into account his disability in attempting to provide court ordered services was not a basis to attack a termination proceeding. The ADA did not place an added burden on the county to meet the requirements of sub. (2) (b) [now sub. (2) (a) 2.]. In Interest of Torrence P.
187 Wis. 2d 10,
522 N.W.2d 243 (Ct. App. 1994).
48.415 Annotation
A child “left with" another person under sub. (1) (a) 3. may have been actively placed with the other person by the parent or allowed to live with the other person with the parent's knowledge. Interest of Christopher D.
191 Wis. 2d 681,
530 N.W.2d 34 (Ct. App. 1995).
48.415 Annotation
“Disassociated" under sub. (1) (c) is not unconstitutionally vague. Disassociation means more than “failure to visit or communicate" under sub. (1) (a). Interest of Christopher D.
191 Wis. 2d 681,
530 N.W.2d 34 (Ct. App. 1995).
48.415 Annotation
The respondent in a TPR case has the right to meaningfully participate; whether physical presence is required must be determined on a case by case basis. Telephone participation may be adequate. Interest of Christopher D.
191 Wis. 2d 681,
530 N.W.2d 34 (Ct. App. 1995).
48.415 Annotation
A showing of abandonment under sub. (1) (a) 3. creates a rebuttable presumption that imposes on the parent the burden of disproving abandonment under sub. (1) (c) by showing by a preponderance of the evidence that the parent has not disassociated himself or herself from the child. Odd S.-G v. Carolyn S.-G,
194 Wis. 2d 366,
533 N.W.2d 794 (1995).
48.415 Annotation
Termination under sub. (8), due to a murder occurring prior to the adoption of sub. (8), did not violate the prohibition against
ex post facto laws and did not violate due process, equal protection, or double jeopardy protections. Winnebago County DSS v. Darrell A.
194 Wis. 2d 628,
534 N.W.2d 907 (Ct. App. 1995).
48.415 Annotation
It was a denial of due process to terminate parental rights on grounds substantially different from those that the parent was warned of under s. 48.356. State v. Patricia A.P.
195 Wis. 2d 855,
537 N.W.2d 47 (Ct. App. 1995),
95-1164.
48.415 Annotation
Sub. (5) does not require an assessment of present and future behavior. The statute refers to past behavior that was a threat to the child's welfare. Jerry M. v. Dennis L. M.
198 Wis. 2d 10,
542 N.W.2d 162 (Ct. App. 1995),
95-0075.
48.415 Annotation
For all terminations under sub. (5), there must be a showing that the parent has exhibited a pattern of abusive behavior and a showing under par. (a) or (b). A “conviction" under par. (a) is a conviction after the appeal as of right has been exhausted. Monroe County v. Jennifer V.
200 Wis. 2d 678,
548 N.W.2d 837 (Ct. App. 1996),
95-3062.
48.415 Annotation
Sub. (7) is a constitutional part of a statutory scheme that is narrowly tailored to meet the state's compelling interests. State v. Allen M.
214 Wis. 2d 302,
571 N.W.2d 872 (Ct. App. 1997),
97-0852.
48.415 Annotation
Venue becomes an issue only in the event that it is contested. The county where a child “resides" is the county of domicile. The county where a child “is present" is the county where the child is present at the time a petition is filed. State v. Corey J. G.
215 Wis. 2d 395,
572 N.W.2d 845 (1998),
96-3148.
48.415 Annotation
When a parent is prohibited from visitation, communication by phone and letter is not prohibited, and sub. (1) (b) does not apply. Periods in which there has been no contact whatsoever will be counted under sub. (1) (a) 2. and 3. Carla B. v. Timothy N.
228 Wis. 2d 695,
598 N.W.2d 924 (Ct. App. 1999),
99-0853.
48.415 Annotation
The rules of civil procedure apply to termination of parental rights proceedings. Directed verdicts are permissible. Door County DHFS v. Scott S.
230 Wis. 2d 460,
602 N.W.2d 167 (Ct. App. 1999),
99-0719.
48.415 Annotation
A guardian ad litem's comments regarding the best interests of the child were not improper. Only when the jury is instructed that it should consider the best interests of the child is there reversible error. Door County DHFS v. Scott S.
230 Wis. 2d 460,
602 N.W.2d 167 (Ct. App. 1999),
99-0719.
48.415 Annotation
Prior to determining that grounds existed to terminate parental rights, the circuit court had the duty at the fact-finding hearing to find by clear and convincing evidence that all of the elements of s. 48.415 (1) (a) 3. had been satisfied. By entering a default judgment against the mother on the issue of abandonment without first taking evidence, the circuit court did not make the finding. The error was subject to a harmless error analysis. Evelyn C.R. v. Tykila S.
2001 WI 110,
246 Wis. 2d 1,
629 N.W.2d 768,
00-1739.
48.415 Annotation
In a case under sub. (4), a parent's right to meaningfully participate in the termination proceeding includes the right to present evidence at the fact-finding hearing regarding efforts to meet the conditions for reestablishing visitation. It was error to restrict evidence to whether an order denying visitation had remained in effect for a year. State v. Frederick H.
2001 WI App 141,
246 Wis. 2d 215,
630 N.W.2d 734,
00-3035.
48.415 Annotation
Events occurring prior to a CHIPS dispositional order are frequently relevant at a termination proceeding. A history of parental conduct may be relevant to predicting a parent's chances of complying with conditions in the future, despite failing to do so to date. La Crosse County Department of Human Services v. Tara P.
2002 WI App 84,
252 Wis. 2d 179,
643 N.W.2d 194,
01-3034.
48.415 Annotation
In determining whether “there is a substantial likelihood" that a parent will not meet conditions for the return of his or her children, a parent's relevant character traits and patterns of behavior and the likelihood that any problematic traits or propensities have been or can be modified in order to assure the safety of the children must be considered. La Crosse County Department of Human Services v. Tara P.
2002 WI App 84,
252 Wis. 2d 179,
643 N.W.2d 194,
01-3034.
48.415 Annotation
A mother's criminal offenses and sentences were relevant to whether she had failed to establish a substantial parental relationship with her children under sub. (6). State v. Quinsanna D.
2002 WI App 318,
259 Wis. 2d 429,
655 N.W.2d 752,
02-1919.
48.415 Annotation
Partial summary judgment may be granted in the unfitness phase of a termination case if the moving party establishes that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact regarding the asserted grounds for unfitness, and, taking into consideration the heightened burden of proof specified in s. 48.31 (1) and required by due process, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Steven V. v. Kelley H.
2004 WI 47,
271 Wis. 2d 1,
678 N.W.2d 831,
02-2860.
48.415 Annotation
As applied in this case the incestuous parenthood ground under sub. (7) is not narrowly tailored to advance the compelling state interest underlying the statute. It is fundamentally unfair to terminate parental rights based solely on a parent's status as a victim of incest. Monroe County DHS v. Kelli B.
2004 WI 48,
271 Wis. 2d 51,
678 N.W.2d 856,
03-0060.
48.415 Annotation
Jennifer V.'s holding is limited to appeals based on guilt or innocence. When a parent's pending appeal does not raise issues of guilt or innocence, “final judgment of conviction" in sub. (9m) means the judgment of conviction entered by the trial court, either after a verdict of guilty by the jury, a finding of guilty by the court when a jury is waived, or a plea of guilty or no contest. Reynaldo F. v. Christal M.
2004 WI App 106,
272 Wis. 2d 816,
684 N.W.2d 138,
03-2687.
48.415 Annotation
A parent's prior convictions are not so prejudicial as to outweigh their probative value when the information would lead the jury to an understanding of why children are removed from the parent's home. Reynaldo F. v. Christal M.
2004 WI App 106,
272 Wis. 2d 707,
684 N.W.2d 138,
03-2687.
48.415 Annotation
Sub. (4) does not violate substantive due process by not requiring any evidence of parental unfitness. There are required steps that must be taken before reaching the application of sub. (4) in a TPR case and those steps form the foundation for the ultimate finding. At each of these steps, findings must be made that reflect on the parent's fitness. Dane County Department of Human Services v. P. P.
2005 WI 32,
279 Wis. 2d 169,
694 N.W.2d 344,
03-2440.
