71.28(3y)(c)3.3. No credit may be allowed under par. (b) 4. for any amount of personal property investment or real property investment used to claim a credit under par. (b) 6. 71.28(3y)(d)2.2. If the allowable amount of the claim under par. (b) exceeds the tax otherwise due under s. 71.23, the amount of the claim not used to offset the tax due shall be certified by the department of revenue to the department of administration for payment by check, share draft, or other draft drawn from the appropriation account under s. 20.835 (2) (bg). Notwithstanding s. 71.82, no interest shall be paid on amounts certified under this subdivision. 71.28(4)(ab)1.b.b. In the case of a truck, the control system and the fuel and drive train, excluding any comfort features located in the cab or the tires. 71.28(4)(ab)1.c.c. In the case of a generator, the control modules, fuel train, fuel scrubbing process, fuel mixers, generator, heat exchangers, exhaust train, and similar components. 71.28(4)(ab)2.2. “Internal combustion engine” includes substitute products such as fuel cell, electric, and hybrid drives. 71.28(4)(ab)3.3. “Vehicle” means any vehicle or frame, including parts, accessories, and component technologies, in which or on which an engine is mounted for use in mobile or stationary applications. “Vehicle” includes any truck, tractor, motorcycle, snowmobile, all-terrain vehicle, boat, personal watercraft, generator, construction equipment, lawn and garden maintenance equipment, automobile, van, sports utility vehicle, motor home, bus, or aircraft. 71.28(4)(ad)1.1. Except as provided in subds. 2. and 3., for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2015, any corporation may credit against taxes otherwise due under this chapter an amount equal to 5 percent of the amount obtained by subtracting from the corporation’s qualified research expenses, as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses incurred by the claimant, incurred for research conducted in this state for the taxable year, except that a taxpayer may elect the alternative computation under section 41 (c) (4) of the Internal Revenue Code and that election applies until the department permits its revocation, except as provided in par. (af), and except that “qualified research expenses” does not include compensation used in computing the credit under sub. (1dx), the corporation’s base amount, as defined in section 41 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code, except that gross receipts used in calculating the base amount means gross receipts from sales attributable to Wisconsin under s. 71.25 (9) (b) 1. and 2., (df) 1. and 2., (dh) 1., 2., and 3., (dj), and (dk). Section 41 (h) of the Internal Revenue Code does not apply to the credit under this paragraph. 71.28(4)(ad)2.2. For taxable years beginning after June 30, 2007, and before January 1, 2015, any corporation may credit against taxes otherwise due under this chapter an amount equal to 10 percent of the amount obtained by subtracting from the corporation’s qualified research expenses, as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses incurred by the claimant for research related to designing internal combustion engines for vehicles, including expenses related to designing vehicles that are powered by such engines and improving production processes for such engines and vehicles, incurred for research conducted in this state for the taxable year, except that a taxpayer may elect the alternative computation under section 41 (c) (4) of the Internal Revenue Code and that election applies until the department permits its revocation, except as provided in par. (af), and except that “qualified research expenses” does not include compensation used in computing the credit under sub. (1dx), the corporation’s base amount, as defined in section 41 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code, except that gross receipts used in calculating the base amount means gross receipts from sales attributable to Wisconsin under s. 71.25 (9) (b) 1. and 2., (df) 1. and 2., (dh) 1., 2., and 3., (dj), and (dk). Section 41 (h) of the Internal Revenue Code does not apply to the credit under this paragraph. 71.28(4)(ad)3.3. For taxable years beginning after June 30, 2007, and before January 1, 2015, any corporation may credit against taxes otherwise due under this chapter an amount equal to 10 percent of the amount obtained by subtracting from the corporation’s qualified research expenses, as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses incurred by the claimant for research related to the design and manufacturing of energy efficient lighting systems, building automation and control systems, or automotive batteries for use in hybrid-electric vehicles, that reduce the demand for natural gas or electricity or improve the efficiency of its use, incurred for research conducted in this state for the taxable year, except that a taxpayer may elect the alternative computation under section 41 (c) (4) of the Internal Revenue Code and that election applies until the department permits its revocation, except as provided in par. (af), and except that “qualified research expenses” does not include compensation used in computing the credit under sub. (1dx), the corporation’s base amount, as defined in section 41 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code, except that gross receipts used in calculating the base amount means gross receipts from sales attributable to Wisconsin under s. 71.25 (9) (b) 1. and 2., (df), 1. and 2., (dh) 1., 2., and 3., (dj), and (dk). Section 41 (h) of the Internal Revenue Code does not apply to the credit under this paragraph. 71.28(4)(ad)4.a.a. Except as provided in subds. 5. and 6., for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2014, a corporation may claim a credit against the tax imposed under s. 71.23, as allocated under par. (d), an amount equal to 5.75 percent of the amount by which the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year exceed 50 percent of the average qualified research expenses for the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit. If the corporation had no qualified research expenses in any of the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit, the claimant may claim an amount equal to 2.875 percent of the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit. 71.28(4)(ad)4.b.b. For purposes of subd. 4. a. “qualified research expenses” means qualified research expenses as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses incurred by the claimant, incurred for research conducted in this state for the taxable year and does not include compensation used in computing the credit under sub. (1dx), the corporation’s base amount. Section 41 (f) (1), (2), (5), and (6) and (h) of the Internal Revenue Code does not apply to the credit under this subdivision. 71.28(4)(ad)5.a.a. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2014, a corporation may claim a credit against the tax imposed under s. 71.23, as allocated under par. (d), an amount equal to 11.5 percent of the amount by which the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year exceed 50 percent of the average qualified research expenses for the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit. If the corporation had no qualified research expenses in any of the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit, the claimant may claim an amount equal to 5.75 percent of the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit. 71.28(4)(ad)5.b.b. For purposes of subd. 5. a., “qualified research expenses” means qualified research expenses as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses incurred by the claimant for research related to designing internal combustion engines for vehicles, including expenses related to designing vehicles that are powered by such engines and improving production processes for such engines and vehicles, incurred for research conducted in this state for the taxable year and does not include compensation used in computing the credit under sub. (1dx). Section 41 (f) (1), (2), (5), and (6) and (h) of the Internal Revenue Code does not apply to the credit under this subdivision. 71.28(4)(ad)6.a.a. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2014, a corporation may claim a credit against the tax imposed under s. 71.23, as allocated under par. (d), an amount equal to 11.5 percent of the amount by which the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year exceed 50 percent of the average qualified research expenses for the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit. If the corporation had no qualified research expenses in any of the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit, the claimant may claim an amount equal to 5.75 percent of the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit. 71.28(4)(ad)6.b.b. For purposes of subd. 6. a., “qualified research expenses” means qualified research expenses as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses incurred by the claimant for research related to the design and manufacturing of energy efficient lighting systems, building automation and control systems, or automotive batteries for use in hybrid-electric vehicles, that reduce the demand for natural gas or electricity or improve the efficiency of its use, incurred for research conducted in this state for the taxable year and does not include compensation used in computing the credit under sub. (1dx). Section 41 (f) (1), (2), (5), and (6) and (h) of the Internal Revenue Code does not apply to the credit under this subdivision. 71.28(4)(af)(af) Computation. For taxable years beginning before January 1, 2015, if in any taxable year a corporation claims a credit under par. (ad) 1., 2., or 3., or any combination of those credits, the corporation may use a different computation method to calculate each of the credits and may choose to change the computation method once for each credit without the department’s approval. 71.28(4)(am)(am) Development zone additional research credit. 71.28(4)(am)1.1. In addition to the credit under par. (ad), any corporation may credit against taxes otherwise due under this chapter an amount equal to 5 percent of the amount obtained by subtracting from the corporation’s qualified research expenses, as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” include only expenses incurred by the claimant in a development zone under subch. II of ch. 238 or subch. VI of ch. 560, 2009 stats., except that a taxpayer may elect the alternative computation under section 41 (c) (4) of the Internal Revenue Code and that election applies until the department permits its revocation and except that “qualified research expenses” does not include research expenses incurred before the claimant is certified for tax benefits under s. 238.365 (3) or s. 560.765 (3), 2009 stats., or the corporation’s base amount, as defined in section 41 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code, in a development zone, except that gross receipts used in calculating the base amount means gross receipts from sales attributable to Wisconsin under s. 71.25 (9) (b) 1. and 2., (df) 1. and 2., (dh) 1., 2., and 3., (dj), and (dk) and research expenses used in calculating the base amount include research expenses incurred before the claimant is certified for tax benefits under s. 238.365 (3) or s. 560.765 (3), 2009 stats., in a development zone, if the claimant submits with the claimant’s return a copy of the claimant’s certification for tax benefits under s. 238.365 (3) or s. 560.765 (3), 2009 stats., and a statement from the department of commerce or the Wisconsin Economic Development Corporation verifying the claimant’s qualified research expenses for research conducted exclusively in a development zone. The rules under s. 73.03 (35) apply to the credit under this subdivision. Section 41 (h) of the Internal Revenue Code does not apply to the credit under this subdivision. 71.28(4)(am)2.2. The development zones credit under subd. 1., as it applies to a person certified under s. 238.365 (3) or s. 560.765 (3), 2009 stats., applies to a corporation that conducts economic activity in a development opportunity zone under s. 238.395 (1) or s. 560.795 (1), 2009 stats., and that is entitled to tax benefits under s. 238.395 (3) or s. 560.795 (3), 2009 stats., subject to the limits under s. 238.395 (2) or s. 560.795 (2), 2009 stats. A development opportunity zone credit under this subdivision may be calculated using expenses incurred by a claimant beginning on the effective date under s. 238.395 (2) (a) or s. 560.795 (2) (a), 2009 stats., of the development opportunity zone designation of the area in which the claimant conducts economic activity. 71.28(4)(am)3.3. No credit may be claimed under this paragraph for taxable years that begin on January 1, 1998, or thereafter. Credits under this paragraph for taxable years that begin before January 1, 1998, may be carried forward to taxable years that begin on January 1, 1998, and thereafter. 71.28(4)(b)(b) Adjustments. For taxable year 1985 and subsequent years, adjustments for acquisitions and dispositions of a major portion of a trade or business shall be made under section 41 of the internal revenue code as limited by this subsection. 71.28(4)(c)(c) Annualization. In the case of any short taxable year, qualified research expenses shall be annualized as prescribed by the department of revenue. 71.28(4)(d)(d) Proration. If a portion of qualified research expenses is incurred partly within and partly outside this state and the amount incurred in this state cannot be accurately determined, a portion of the qualified expenses shall be reasonably allocated to this state. Expenses incurred entirely outside this state for the benefit of research in this state are not allocable to this state under this paragraph. 71.28(4)(e)(e) Change of business or ownership. In the case of a change in ownership or business of a corporation, section 383 of the internal revenue code, as limited by this subsection, applies to the carry-over of unused credits. 71.28(4)(f)(f) Carry-over. If a credit computed under this subsection is not entirely offset against Wisconsin income or franchise taxes otherwise due, the unused balance may be carried forward and credited against Wisconsin income or franchise taxes otherwise due for the following 15 taxable years to the extent not offset by these taxes otherwise due in all intervening years between the year in which the expense was incurred and the year in which the carry-forward credit is claimed. 71.28(4)(g)(g) Administration. The department of revenue has full power to administer the credits provided in this subsection and may take any action, conduct any proceeding and proceed as it is authorized in respect to income and franchise taxes imposed in this chapter. The income and franchise tax provisions in this chapter relating to assessments, refunds, appeals, collection, interest and penalties apply to the credits under this subsection. 71.28(4)(h)(h) Timely claim. No credit may be allowed under this subsection unless it is claimed within the period specified in s. 71.75 (2). 71.28(4)(i)(i) Nonclaimants. Except as provided in par. (j), the credits under this subsection may not be claimed by a partnership, except a publicly traded partnership treated as a corporation under s. 71.22 (1k), limited liability company, except a limited liability company treated as a corporation under s. 71.22 (1k), or tax-option corporation or by partners, including partners of a publicly traded partnership, members of a limited liability company or shareholders of a tax-option corporation. 71.28(4)(j)(j) Pass-through entities. Partnerships, limited liability companies, and tax-option corporations may not claim the credit under this subsection, but the eligibility for, and the amount of, the credit are based on their payment of amounts under par. (ad). A partnership, limited liability company, or tax-option corporation shall compute the amount of credit that each of its partners, members, or shareholders may claim and shall provide that information to each of them. Partners, members of limited liability companies, and shareholders of tax-option corporations may claim the credit in proportion to their ownership interests. 71.28(4)(k)(k) Refunds. Notwithstanding par. (f), for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, if the allowable amount of the claim under par. (ad) 4., 5., or 6. exceeds the tax otherwise due under s. 71.23, all of the following apply: 71.28(4)(k)1.a.a. For taxable years beginning before January 1, 2021, the amount of the claim not used to offset the tax due, not to exceed 10 percent of the allowable amount of the claim under par. (ad) 4., 5., or 6., shall be certified by the department of revenue to the department of administration for payment by check, share draft, or other draft drawn from the appropriation account under s. 20.835 (2) (d). 71.28(4)(k)1.b.b. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020 and before January 1, 2024, the amount of the claim not used to offset the tax due, up to 15 percent of the allowable amount of the claim under par. (ad) 4., 5., or 6., shall be certified by the department of revenue to the department of administration for payment by check, share draft, or other draft drawn from the appropriation account under s. 20.835 (2) (d). 71.28(4)(k)1.c.c. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2023, the amount of the claim not used to offset the tax due, not to exceed 25 percent of the allowable amount of the claim under par. (ad) 4., 5., or 6., shall be certified by the department of revenue to the department of administration for payment by check, share draft, or other draft drawn from the appropriation account under s. 20.835 (2) (d). 71.28(4)(k)2.2. The amount of the claim not used to offset the tax due and not certified for payment under subd. 1. may be carried forward and credited against Wisconsin income or franchise taxes otherwise due for the following 15 taxable years to the extent not offset by these taxes otherwise due in all intervening years between the year in which the expense was incurred and the year in which the carry-forward credit is claimed. 71.28(4m)(4m) Super research and development credit. 71.28(4m)(a)(a) Definition. In this subsection, “qualified research expenses” means qualified research expenses as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses incurred by the claimant for research conducted in this state for the taxable year and except that “qualified research expenses” does not include compensation used in computing the credit under sub. (1dx). 71.28(4m)(b)(b) Credit. Subject to the limitations provided under this subsection, for taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2011, a corporation may claim as a credit against the tax imposed under s. 71.23, up to the amount of those taxes, an amount equal to the amount of qualified research expenses paid or incurred by the corporation in the taxable year that exceeds the amount calculated as follows: 71.28(4m)(b)1.1. Determine the average amount of the qualified research expenses paid or incurred by the corporation in the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which a credit is claimed under this subsection. 71.28(4m)(c)(c) Limitations. Subsection (4) (b) to (d) and (i), as it applies to the credit under sub. (4), applies to the credit under this subsection. 71.28(4m)(d)2.2. If a credit computed under this subsection is not entirely offset against Wisconsin income or franchise taxes otherwise due, the unused balance may be carried forward and credited against Wisconsin income or franchise taxes otherwise due for the following 5 taxable years to the extent not offset by these taxes otherwise due in all intervening years between the year in which the expense was incurred and the year in which the carry-forward credit is claimed. 71.28(4m)(d)3.3. No credit may be claimed under this subsection for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2013. Credits under this subsection for taxable years that begin before January 1, 2014, may be carried forward to taxable years that begin after December 31, 2013. 71.28(5)(ab)1.b.b. In the case of a truck, the control system and the fuel and drive train, excluding any comfort features located in the cab or the tires. 71.28(5)(ab)1.c.c. In the case of a generator, the control modules, fuel train, fuel scrubbing process, fuel mixers, generator, heat exchangers, exhaust train, and similar components. 71.28(5)(ab)2.2. “Internal combustion engine” includes substitute products such as fuel cell, electric, and hybrid drives. 71.28(5)(ab)3.3. “Vehicle” means any vehicle or frame, including parts, accessories, and component technologies, in which or on which an engine is mounted for use in mobile or stationary applications. “Vehicle” includes any truck, tractor, motorcycle, snowmobile, all-terrain vehicle, boat, personal watercraft, generator, construction equipment, lawn and garden maintenance equipment, automobile, van, sports utility vehicle, motor home, bus, or aircraft. 71.28(5)(ad)1.1. Except as provided in subds. 2. and 3., for taxable year 1986 and for taxable years that begin before January 1, 2014, any corporation may credit against taxes otherwise due under this chapter an amount equal to 5 percent of the amount paid or incurred by that corporation during the taxable year to construct and equip new facilities or expand existing facilities used in this state for qualified research, as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code. Eligible amounts include only amounts paid or incurred for tangible, depreciable property but do not include amounts paid or incurred for replacement property. 71.28(5)(ad)2.2. For taxable years beginning after June 30, 2007, and before January 1, 2014, any corporation may credit against taxes otherwise due under this chapter an amount equal to 10 percent of the amount paid or incurred by that corporation during the taxable year to construct and equip new facilities or expand existing facilities used in this state for qualified research, as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses paid or incurred by the claimant for research related to designing internal combustion engines for vehicles, including expenses related to designing vehicles that are powered by such engines and improving production processes for such engines and vehicles. Eligible amounts include only amounts paid or incurred for tangible, depreciable property but do not include amounts paid or incurred for replacement property. 71.28(5)(ad)3.3. For taxable years beginning after June 30, 2007, and before January 1, 2014, any corporation may credit against taxes otherwise due under this chapter an amount equal to 10 percent of the amount paid or incurred by that corporation during the taxable year to construct and equip new facilities or expand existing facilities used in this state for qualified research, as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses paid or incurred by the claimant for research related to the design and manufacturing of energy efficient lighting systems, building automation and control systems, or automotive batteries for use in hybrid-electric vehicles, that reduce the demand for natural gas or electricity or improve the efficiency of its use. Eligible amounts include only amounts paid or incurred for tangible, depreciable property but do not include amounts paid or incurred for replacement property. 71.28(5)(b)(b) Calculation and administration. Subsection (4) (b) to (i) as it relates to the credit under that subsection applies to the credit under this subsection. 71.28(5)(c)(c) Sunset. No credit may be claimed under this subsection for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2013. Credits under this subsection for taxable years that begin before January 1, 2014, may be carried forward to taxable years that begin after December 31, 2013. 71.28(5b)(5b) Early stage seed investment credit. 71.28(5b)(a)1.1. “Claimant” means a person who files a claim under this subsection. 71.28(5b)(b)1.1. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2004, subject to the limitations provided under this subsection and s. 238.15 or s. 560.205, 2009 stats., and except as provided in subd. 2., a claimant may claim as a credit against the tax imposed under s. 71.23, up to the amount of those taxes, 25 percent of the claimant’s investment paid to a fund manager that the fund manager invests in a business certified under s. 238.15 (1) or s. 560.205 (1), 2009 stats. 71.28(5b)(b)2.2. In the case of a partnership, limited liability company, or tax-option corporation, the computation of the 25 percent limitation under subd. 1. shall be determined at the entity level rather than the claimant level and may be allocated among the claimants who make investments in the manner set forth in the entity’s organizational documents. The entity shall provide to the department of revenue and to the department of commerce or the Wisconsin Economic Development Corporation the names and tax identification numbers of the claimants, the amounts of the credits allocated to the claimants, and the computation of the allocations. 71.28(5b)(c)(c) Limitations. Partnerships, limited liability companies, and tax-option corporations may not claim the credit under this subsection, but the eligibility for, and the amount of, the credit are based on their payment of amounts under par. (b). A partnership, limited liability company, or tax-option corporation shall compute the amount of credit that each of its partners, members, or shareholders may claim and shall provide that information to each of them. Partners, members of limited liability companies, and shareholders of tax-option corporations may claim the credit in proportion to their ownership interest or as specially allocated in their organizational documents. 71.28(5b)(d)2.2. The Wisconsin adjusted basis of any investment for which a credit is claimed under par. (b) shall be reduced by the amount of the credit that is offset against Wisconsin income taxes. The Wisconsin basis of a partner’s interest in a partnership, a member’s interest in a limited liability company, or stock in a tax-option corporation shall be adjusted to reflect adjustments made under this subdivision. 71.28(5b)(d)3.3. Except as provided under s. 238.15 (3) (d), for investments made after December 31, 2007, if an investment for which a claimant claims a credit under par. (b) is held by the claimant for less than 3 years, the claimant shall pay to the department, in the manner prescribed by the department, the amount of the credit that the claimant received related to the investment. 71.28(5g)(5g) Health Insurance Risk-Sharing Plan assessments credit. 71.28(5g)(a)(a) Definitions. In this subsection, “claimant” means an insurer, as defined in s. 149.10 (5), 2011 stats., who files a claim under this subsection. 71.28(5g)(b)(b) Filing claims. Subject to the limitations provided under this subsection, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2005, and before January 1, 2015, a claimant may claim as a credit against the taxes imposed under s. 71.23 an amount that is equal to the amount of assessment under s. 149.13, 2011 stats., that the claimant paid in the claimant’s taxable year, multiplied by the percentage determined under par. (c) 1. 71.28(5g)(c)1.1. The department of revenue, in consultation with the office of the commissioner of insurance, shall determine the percentage under par. (b) for each claimant for each taxable year. The percentage shall be equal to $5,000,000 divided by the aggregate assessment under s. 149.13, 2011 stats., except that for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2013, and before January 1, 2015, the percentage shall be equal to $1,250,000 divided by the aggregate assessment under s. 149.13, 2011 stats., and shall not exceed 100 percent. The office of the commissioner of insurance shall provide to each claimant that participates in the cost of administering the plan the aggregate assessment at the time that it notifies the claimant of the claimant’s assessment. The aggregate amount of the credit under this subsection and ss. 71.07 (5g), 71.47 (5g), and 76.655 for all claimants participating in the cost of administering the plan under ch. 149, 2011 stats., shall not exceed $5,000,000 in each fiscal year. 71.28(5g)(c)2.2. Partnerships, limited liability companies, and tax-option corporations may not claim the credit under this subsection, but the eligibility for, and the amount of, the credit are based on their payment of amounts described under par. (b). A partnership, limited liability company, or tax-option corporation shall compute the amount of credit that each of its partners, members, or shareholders may claim and shall provide that information to each of them. Partners, members of limited liability companies, and shareholders of tax-option corporations may claim the credit in proportion to their ownership interests. 71.28(5g)(c)3.3. The amount of any credits that a claimant is awarded under this subsection for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2005, and before January 1, 2008, may first be claimed against the tax imposed under this subchapter for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2007, and in the manner determined by the department of revenue.
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