Chapter 943

943.49 History History: 1999 a. 51; 2001 a. 109.

943.50 943.50 Retail theft; theft of services.

943.50(1) (1) In this section:

943.50(1)(ad) (ad) “Merchandise” includes a service provided by a service provider.

943.50(1)(ag) (ag) “Merchant” includes any “merchant” as defined in s. 402.104 (3) or any innkeeper, motelkeeper or hotelkeeper.

943.50(1)(am) (am) “Service provider” means a merchant who provides a service to retail customers without a written contract with the expectation that the service will be paid for by the customer upon completion of the service.

943.50(1)(ar) (ar) “Theft detection device” means any tag or other device that is used to prevent or detect theft and that is attached to merchandise held for resale by a merchant or to property of a merchant.

943.50(1)(as) (as) “Theft detection device remover” means any tool or device used, designed for use or primarily intended for use in removing a theft detection device from merchandise held for resale by a merchant or property of a merchant.

943.50(1)(at) (at) “Theft detection shielding device” means any laminated or coated bag or device designed to shield merchandise held for resale by a merchant or property of a merchant from being detected by an electronic or magnetic theft alarm sensor.

943.50(1)(b) (b) “Value of merchandise” means:

943.50(1)(b)1. 1. For property of the merchant, the value of the property; or

943.50(1)(b)2. 2. For merchandise held for resale, the merchant’s stated price of the merchandise or, in the event of altering, transferring or removing a price marking or causing a cash register or other sales device to reflect less than the merchant’s stated price, the difference between the merchant’s stated price of the merchandise and the altered price.

943.50(1)(b)3. 3. For a service provided by a service provider, the price that the service provider stated for the service before the service was provided.

943.50(1m) (1m) A person may be penalized as provided in sub. (4) if he or she does any of the following without the merchant’s consent and with intent to deprive the merchant permanently of possession or the full purchase price of the merchandise or property:

943.50(1m)(a) (a) Intentionally alters indicia of price or value of merchandise held for resale by a merchant or property of a merchant.

943.50(1m)(b) (b) Intentionally takes and carries away merchandise held for resale by a merchant or property of a merchant.

943.50(1m)(c) (c) Intentionally transfers merchandise held for resale by a merchant or property of a merchant.

943.50(1m)(d) (d) Intentionally conceals merchandise held for resale by a merchant or property of a merchant.

943.50(1m)(e) (e) Intentionally retains possession of merchandise held for resale by a merchant or property of a merchant.

943.50(1m)(f) (f) While anywhere in the merchant’s store, intentionally removes a theft detection device from merchandise held for resale by a merchant or property of a merchant.

943.50(1m)(g) (g) Uses, or possesses with intent to use, a theft detection shielding device to shield merchandise held for resale by a merchant or property of merchant from being detected by an electronic or magnetic theft alarm sensor.

943.50(1m)(h) (h) Uses, or possesses with intent to use, a theft detection device remover to remove a theft detection device from merchandise held for resale by a merchant or property of a merchant.

943.50(1r) (1r) Any person may be penalized as provided in sub. (4) if, having obtained a service from a service provider, he or she, without the service provider’s consent and with intent to deprive the service provider permanently of the full price of the service, absconds and intentionally fails or refuses to pay for the service.

943.50(3) (3) A merchant or service provider, a merchant’s or service provider’s adult employee or a merchant’s or service provider’s security agent who has reasonable cause for believing that a person has violated this section in his or her presence may detain, within or at the merchant’s or service provider’s place of business where the suspected violation took place, the person in a reasonable manner for a reasonable length of time to deliver the person to a peace officer, or to his or her parent or guardian in the case of a minor. The detained person must be promptly informed of the purpose for the detention and be permitted to make phone calls, but he or she shall not be interrogated or searched against his or her will before the arrival of a peace officer who may conduct a lawful interrogation of the accused person. The merchant or service provider, merchant’s or service provider’s adult employee or merchant’s or service provider’s security agent may release the detained person before the arrival of a peace officer or parent or guardian. Any merchant or service provider, merchant’s or service provider’s adult employee or merchant’s or service provider’s security agent who acts in good faith in any act authorized under this section is immune from civil or criminal liability for those acts.

943.50(3m) (3m) 

943.50(3m)(a) (a) In any action or proceeding for violation of this section, duly identified and authenticated photographs of merchandise which was the subject of the violation may be used as evidence in lieu of producing the merchandise.

943.50(3m)(am) (am) For the purpose of sub. (4m), evidence that a person sold by means of the Internet merchandise that is similar to the merchandise that is the subject of a violation under sub. (1m) (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), or (f), within 90 days before the violation, is prima facie evidence of the person’s intent to sell the merchandise by means of the Internet.

943.50(3m)(b) (b) A merchant or merchant’s adult employee is privileged to defend property as prescribed in s. 939.49.

943.50(4) (4) Whoever violates this section is guilty of:

943.50(4)(a) (a) Except as provided in sub. (4m), a Class A misdemeanor, if the value of the merchandise does not exceed $500.

943.50(4)(bf) (bf) A Class I felony, if the value of the merchandise exceeds $500 but does not exceed $5,000.

943.50(4)(bm) (bm) A Class H felony, if the value of the merchandise exceeds $5,000 but does not exceed $10,000.

943.50(4)(c) (c) A Class G felony, if the value of the merchandise exceeds $10,000.

943.50(4m) (4m) Whoever violates sub. (1m) (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), or (f) is guilty of a Class I felony if all of the following apply:

943.50(4m)(a) (a) The value of the merchandise does not exceed $500.

943.50(4m)(b) (b) The person agrees or combines with another to commit the violation.

943.50(4m)(c) (c) The person intends to sell the merchandise by means of the Internet.

943.50(5) (5) 

943.50(5)(a) (a) In addition to the other penalties provided for violation of this section, a judge may order a violator to pay restitution under s. 973.20.

943.50(5)(b) (b) In actions concerning violations of ordinances in conformity with this section, a judge may order a violator to make restitution under s. 800.093.

943.50(5)(c) (c) If the court orders restitution under pars. (a) and (b), any amount of restitution paid to the victim under one of those paragraphs reduces the amount the violator must pay in restitution to that victim under the other paragraph.

943.50 History History: 1977 c. 173; 1981 c. 270; 1983 a. 189 s. 329 (24); 1985 a. 179; 1987 a. 398; 1991 a. 39, 40; 1993 a. 71; 1997 a. 262; 2001 a. 16, 109; 2011 a. 110, 174.

943.50 Annotation A merchant acted reasonably in detaining an innocent shopper for 20 minutes and releasing the shopper without summoning police. Johnson v. K-Mart Enterprises, Inc., 98 Wis. 2d 533, 297 N.W.2d 74 (Ct. App. 1980).

943.50 Annotation Sub. (3) requires only that the merchant’s employee have probable cause to believe that the person violated this section in the employee’s presence; actual theft need not be committed in the employee’s presence. State v. Lee, 157 Wis. 2d 126, 458 N.W.2d 562 (Ct. App. 1990).

943.50 Annotation Reasonableness under sub. (3) requires: 1) reasonable cause to believe that the person violated this section; 2) that the manner of the detention and the actions taken in an attempt to detain must be reasonable; and 3) that the length of the detention and the actions taken in an attempt to detain must be reasonable. An attempt to detain may include pursuit, including reasonable pursuit off the merchant’s premises. Peters v. Menard, Inc., 224 Wis. 2d 174, 589 N.W.2d 395 (1999), 97-1514.

943.50 Annotation The state has authority to charge multiple retail thefts under this section as one continuous offense pursuant to s. 971.36 (3). State v. Lopez, 2019 WI 101, 389 Wis. 2d 156, 936 N.W.2d 125, 17-0913.

943.50 Annotation Shoplifting: Protection for Merchants in Wisconsin. Muren. 57 MLR 141 (1973).

943.51 943.51 Retail theft; civil liability.

943.51(1) (1) Any person who incurs injury to his or her business or property as a result of a violation of s. 943.50 may bring a civil action against any individual who caused the loss for all of the following:

943.51(1)(a) (a) The retail value of the merchandise unless it is returned undamaged and unused. A person may recover under this paragraph only if he or she exercises due diligence in demanding the return of the merchandise immediately after he or she discovers the loss and the identity of the person who has the merchandise.

943.51(1)(am) (am) The retail value of the service provided by a service provider, as defined in s. 943.50 (1) (am). A person may recover under this paragraph only if he or she exercises due diligence in demanding payment for the service.

943.51(1)(b) (b) Any actual damages not covered under par. (a).

943.51(2) (2) In addition to sub. (1), if the person who incurs the loss prevails, the judgment in the action may grant any of the following:

943.51(2)(a) (a)

943.51(2)(a)1. 1. Except as provided in subd. 1m., exemplary damages of not more than 3 times the amount under sub. (1).

943.51(2)(a)1m. 1m. If the action is brought against a minor or against the parent who has custody of their minor child for the loss caused by the minor, the exemplary damages may not exceed 2 times the amount under sub. (1).

943.51(2)(a)2. 2. No additional proof is required for an award of exemplary damages under this paragraph.

943.51(2)(b) (b) Notwithstanding the limitations of s. 799.25 or 814.04, all actual costs of the action, including reasonable attorney fees.

943.51(3) (3) Notwithstanding sub. (2) and except as provided in sub. (3m), the total amount awarded for exemplary damages and reasonable attorney fees may not exceed $500 for each violation.

943.51(3m) (3m) Notwithstanding sub. (2), the total amount awarded for exemplary damages and reasonable attorney fees may not exceed $300 for each violation if the action is brought against a minor or against the parent who has custody of their minor child for the loss caused by the minor.

943.51(3r) (3r) Any recovery under this section shall be reduced by the amount recovered as restitution for the same act under ss. 800.093 and 973.20 or as recompense under s. 969.13 (5) (a) for the same act.

943.51(4) (4) The plaintiff has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that a violation occurred under s. 943.50. A conviction under s. 943.50 is not a condition precedent to bringing an action, obtaining a judgment or collecting that judgment under this section.

943.51(5) (5) A person is not criminally liable under s. 943.30 for any civil action brought in good faith under this section.

943.51(6) (6) Nothing in this section precludes a plaintiff from bringing the action under ch. 799 if the amount claimed is within the jurisdictional limits of s. 799.01 (1) (d).

943.51 History History: 1985 a. 179; 1989 a. 31; 1993 a. 71; 1995 a. 77; 2003 a. 138; 2005 a. 447; 2011 a. 110.

943.51 Annotation Employee salary for time spent processing retail theft is compensable as “actual damages” under sub. (1) (b). Shopko Stores, Inc. v. Kujak, 147 Wis. 2d 589, 433 N.W.2d 618 (Ct. App. 1988).

943.55 943.55 Removal of shopping cart. Whoever intentionally removes a shopping cart or stroller from either the shopping area or a parking area adjacent to the shopping area to another place without authorization of the owner or person in charge and with the intent to deprive the owner permanently of possession of such property shall forfeit an amount not to exceed $500 for each shopping cart or stroller so removed.

943.55 History History: 1977 c. 99; 2003 a. 159.

943.60 943.60 Criminal slander of title.

943.60(1) (1) Any person who submits for filing, entering or recording any lien, claim of lien, lis pendens, writ of attachment, financing statement or any other instrument relating to a security interest in or title to real or personal property, and who knows or should have known that the contents or any part of the contents of the instrument are false, a sham or frivolous, is guilty of a Class H felony.

943.60(2) (2) This section applies to any person who causes another person to act in the manner specified in sub. (1).

943.60(3) (3) This section does not apply to a register of deeds or other government employee who acts in the course of his or her official duties and files, enters or records any instrument relating to title on behalf of another person.

943.60 History History: 1979 c. 221; 1995 a. 224; 1997 a. 27; 2001 a. 109.

943.60 Annotation Whether a document was frivolous was for the jury to answer. State v. Leist, 141 Wis. 2d 34, 414 N.W.2d 45 (Ct. App. 1987).

943.61 943.61 Theft of library material.

943.61(1) (1) In this section:

943.61(1)(a) (a) “Archives” means a place in which public or institutional records are systematically preserved.

943.61(1)(b) (b) “Library” means any public library; library of an educational, historical or eleemosynary institution, organization or society; archives; or museum.

943.61(1)(c) (c) “Library material” includes any book, plate, picture, photograph, engraving, painting, drawing, map, newspaper, magazine, pamphlet, broadside, manuscript, document, letter, public record, microform, sound recording, audiovisual materials in any format, magnetic or other tapes, electronic data processing records, artifacts or other documentary, written or printed materials, regardless of physical form or characteristics, belonging to, on loan to or otherwise in the custody of a library.

943.61(2) (2) Whoever intentionally takes and carries away, transfers, conceals or retains possession of any library material without the consent of a library official, agent or employee and with intent to deprive the library of possession of the material may be penalized as provided in sub. (5).

943.61(3) (3) The concealment of library material beyond the last station for borrowing library material in a library is evidence of intent to deprive the library of possession of the material. The discovery of library material which has not been borrowed in accordance with the library’s procedures or taken with consent of a library official, agent or employee and which is concealed upon the person or among the belongings of the person or concealed by a person upon the person or among the belongings of another is evidence of intentional concealment on the part of the person so concealing the material.

943.61(4) (4) An official or adult employee or agent of a library who has probable cause for believing that a person has violated this section in his or her presence may detain the person in a reasonable manner for a reasonable length of time to deliver the person to a peace officer, or to the person’s parent or guardian in the case of a minor. The detained person shall be promptly informed of the purpose for the detention and be permitted to make phone calls, but shall not be interrogated or searched against his or her will before the arrival of a peace officer who may conduct a lawful interrogation of the accused person. Compliance with this subsection entitles the official, agent or employee effecting the detention to the same defense in any action as is available to a peace officer making an arrest in the line of duty.

943.61(5) (5) Whoever violates this section is guilty of:

943.61(5)(a) (a) A Class A misdemeanor, if the value of the library materials does not exceed $2,500.

943.61(5)(c) (c) A Class H felony, if the value of the library materials exceeds $2,500.

943.61 History History: 1979 c. 245; Stats. 1979 s. 943.60; 1979 c. 355 s. 232; Stats. 1979 s. 943.61; 1991 a. 39; 2001 a. 16, 109.

943.62 943.62 Unlawful receipt of payments to obtain loan for another.

943.62(1) (1) In this section, “escrow agent” means a state or federally chartered bank, savings bank, savings and loan association or credit union located in this state.

943.62(2) (2) Except as provided in sub. (2m), no person may receive a payment from a customer as an advance fee, salary, deposit or money for the purpose of obtaining a loan or a lease of personal property for the customer unless the payment is immediately placed in escrow subject to the condition that the escrow agent shall deliver the payment to the person only upon satisfactory proof of the closing of the loan or execution of the lease within a period of time agreed upon in writing between the person and the customer; otherwise the payment shall be returned to the customer immediately upon expiration of the time period.