1. Rule of taxation uniform; income, privilege and occupation taxes.
2. Appropriation; limitation.
4. Contracting state debts.
5. Annual tax levy to equal expenses.
6. Public debt for extraordinary expense; taxation.
7. Public debt for public defense; bonding for public purposes.
8. Vote on fiscal bills; quorum.
9. Evidences of public debt.
10. Internal improvements.
ARTICLE IX.
EMINENT DOMAIN AND PROPERTY OF THE STATE.
Section
1. Jurisdiction on rivers and lakes; navigable waters.
3. Ultimate property in lands; escheats.
ARTICLE X.
EDUCATION.
Section
1. Superintendent of public instruction.
2. School fund created; income applied.
3. District schools; tuition; sectarian instruction; released time.
5. Income of school fund.
6. State university; support.
7. Commissioners of public lands.
ARTICLE XI.
CORPORATIONS.
Section
1. Corporations; how formed.
2. Property taken by municipality.
3. Municipal home rule; debt limit; tax to pay debt.
3a. Acquisition of lands by state and subdivisions; sale of excess.
ARTICLE XII.
AMENDMENTS.
Section
1. Constitutional amendments.
2. Constitutional conventions.
ARTICLE XIII.
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.
Section
1. Political year; elections.
3. Eligibility to office.
8. Removal of county seats.
9. Election or appointment of statutory officers.
11. Passes, franks and privileges.
12. Recall of elective officers.
ARTICLE XIV.
SCHEDULE.
Section
1. Effect of change from territory to state.
2. Territorial laws continued.
13. Common law continued in force.
16. Implementing revised structure of judicial branch.
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WISCONSIN CONSTITUTION - Preamble
PREAMBLE
WISCONSIN CONSTITUTION - PreambleWe, the people of Wisconsin, grateful to Almighty God for our freedom, in order to secure its blessings, form a more perfect government, insure domestic tranquility and promote the general welfare, do establish this constitution.
WISCONSIN CONSTITUTION - Preamble - ANNOT.The Making of the Wisconsin Constitution. Ranney. Wis. Law. Sept. 1992.
ARTICLE I.
DECLARATION OF RIGHTS.
I,1 Equality; inherent rights. Section 1. [As amended Nov. 1982 and April 1986] All people are born equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights; among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; to secure these rights, governments are instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. [1979 J.R. 36, 1981 J.R. 29, vote Nov. 1982; 1983 J.R. 40, 1985 J.R. 21, vote April 1986]
EQUAL PROTECTION
Failure of the state to affirmatively prohibit discrimination by real estate brokers does not violate the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment. Ford v. Wisconsin Real Estate Examining Bd. 48 W (2d) 91, 179 NW (2d) 786.
The provision for court hearing before revocation of parole in Milwaukee county does not violate the equal protection clause. State ex rel. Johnson v. Cady, 50 W (2d) 540, 185 NW (2d) 306.
The fact that there is no mandatory release date for persons convicted of 1st degree murder as there is for other crimes does not amount to denial of equal protection. Bies v. State, 53 W (2d) 322, 193 NW (2d) 46.
Section 853.27 does not deny equal protection by arbitrarily creating 2 classes of beneficiaries--relatives and nonrelatives--because the classification is entirely reasonable and well founded in public policy. Estate of Connolly, 65 W (2d) 440, 222 NW (2d) 885.
There is a meaningful distinction between governmental employes and nongovernmental employes. The strike ban imposed on public employes is based upon a valid classification and the legislation creating it is not unconstitutional as a denial of equal protection. Hortonville Ed. Asso. v. Jt. Sch. Dist. No. 1, 66 W (2d) 469, 225 NW (2d) 658.
The 6-year limitation of 3rd-party actions for wrongful death provided in 102.29 (5) does not deny 3rd-party defendants the equal protection granted to other wrongful death defendants by the 893.205 (2) 3-year limitation. Ortman v. Jenson & Johnson, Inc. 66 W (2d) 508, 225 NW (2d) 635.
