402.711(2)(b)
(b) In a proper case obtain specific performance or replevy the goods as provided in
s. 402.716.
402.711(3)
(3) On rightful rejection or justifiable revocation of acceptance a buyer has a security interest in goods in the buyer's possession or control for any payments made on their price and any expenses reasonably incurred in their inspection, receipt, transportation, care and custody and may hold such goods and resell them in like manner as an aggrieved seller (
s. 402.706).
402.711 History
History: 1991 a. 316.
402.712
402.712
"Cover"; buyer's procurement of substitute goods. 402.712(1)(1) After a breach within
s. 402.711 the buyer may "cover" by making in good faith and without unreasonable delay any reasonable purchase of or contract to purchase goods in substitution for those due from the seller.
402.712(2)
(2) The buyer may recover from the seller as damages the difference between the cost of cover and the contract price together with any incidental or consequential damages as defined in
s. 402.715, but less expenses saved in consequence of the seller's breach.
402.712(3)
(3) Failure of the buyer to effect cover within this section does not bar the buyer from any other remedy.
402.712 History
History: 1991 a. 316.
402.713
402.713
Buyer's damages for nondelivery or repudiation. 402.713(1)(1) Subject to
s. 402.723 with respect to proof of market price, the measure of damages for nondelivery or repudiation by the seller is the difference between the market price at the time when the buyer learned of the breach and the contract price together with any incidental and consequential damages provided in
s. 402.715, but less expenses saved in consequence of the seller's breach.
402.713(2)
(2) Market price is to be determined as of the place for tender or, in cases of rejection after arrival or revocation of acceptance, as of the place of arrival.
402.714
402.714
Buyer's damages for breach in regard to accepted goods. 402.714(1)(1) Where the buyer has accepted goods and given notification (
s. 402.607 (3)) the buyer may recover as damages for any nonconformity of tender the loss resulting in the ordinary course of events from the seller's breach as determined in any manner which is reasonable.
402.714(2)
(2) The measure of damages for breach of warranty is the difference at the time and place of acceptance between the value of the goods accepted and the value they would have had if they had been as warranted, unless special circumstances show proximate damages of a different amount.
402.714(3)
(3) In a proper case any incidental and consequential damages under
s. 402.715 may also be recovered.
402.714 History
History: 1991 a. 316.
402.714 Annotation
The economic loss doctrine, when it applies, bars recovery in tort for damages resulting from a product not performing as intended, including damages to the product itself or economic losses caused by the defective product. The economic loss doctrine does not bar the recovery of damages for injury to persons or other property resulting from a defective product; in fact s. 402.715 (2) (b) specifically allows it when caused by a breach of warranty. City of Stoughton v. Thomasson Lumber Company, 2004 WI App 6,
269 Wis. 2d 339,
675 N.W.2d 487,
02-2192.
402.715
402.715
Buyer's incidental and consequential damages. 402.715(1)(1) Incidental damages resulting from the seller's breach include expenses reasonably incurred in inspection, receipt, transportation and care and custody of goods rightfully rejected, any commercially reasonable charges, expenses or commissions in connection with effecting cover and any other reasonable expense incident to the delay or other breach.
402.715(2)
(2) Consequential damages resulting from the seller's breach include:
402.715(2)(a)
(a) Any loss resulting from general or particular requirements and needs of which the seller at the time of contracting had reason to know and which could not reasonably be prevented by cover or otherwise; and
402.715(2)(b)
(b) Injury to person or property proximately resulting from any breach of warranty.
402.715 Annotation
Litigation expenses are not recoverable under this section. Murray v. Holiday Rambler, Inc.
83 Wis. 2d 406,
265 N.W.2d 513 (1978).
402.715 Annotation
Interest charges are proper incidental damages. A punitive damages award was upheld. Owens v. Meyer Sales Co., Inc.
129 Wis. 2d 491,
385 N.W.2d 234 (Ct. App. 1986).
402.715 Annotation
The economic loss doctrine, when it applies, bars recovery in tort for damages resulting from a product not performing as intended, including damages to the product itself or economic losses caused by the defective product. The economic loss doctrine does not bar the recovery of damages for injury to persons or other property resulting from a defective product; in fact sub. (2) (b) specifically allows it when caused by a breach of warranty. City of Stoughton v. Thomasson Lumber Company, 2004 WI App 6,
269 Wis. 2d 339,
675 N.W.2d 487,
02-2192.
402.715 AnnotationDamages are discussed. Afram Export Corp. v. Metallurgiki Halyps, S.A.
772 F.2d 1358 (1985).
402.716
402.716
Buyer's right to specific performance or replevin. 402.716(1)(1) Specific performance may be decreed where the goods are unique or in other proper circumstances.
402.716(2)
(2) The decree for specific performance may include such terms and conditions as to payment of the price, damages or other relief as the court may deem just.
402.716(3)
(3) The buyer has a right of replevin for goods identified to the contract if after reasonable effort the buyer is unable to effect cover for such goods or the circumstances reasonably indicate that such effort will be unavailing or if the goods have been shipped under reservation and satisfaction of the security interest in them has been made or tendered. In the case of goods bought for personal, family, or household purposes, the buyer's right of replevin vests upon acquisition of a special property, even if the seller had not then repudiated or failed to deliver.
402.716 History
History: 1991 a. 316;
2001 a. 10.
402.717
402.717
Deduction of damages from the price. The buyer on notifying the seller of the buyer's intention to do so may deduct all or any part of the damages resulting from any breach of the contract from any part of the price still due under the same contract.
402.717 History
History: 1991 a. 316.
402.718
402.718
Liquidation or limitation of damages; deposits. 402.718(1)(1) Damages for breach by either party may be liquidated in the agreement but only at an amount which is reasonable in the light of the anticipated or actual harm caused by the breach, the difficulties of proof of loss, and the inconvenience or nonfeasibility of otherwise obtaining an adequate remedy. A term fixing unreasonably large liquidated damages is void as a penalty.
402.718(2)
(2) Where the seller justifiably withholds delivery of goods because of the buyer's breach, the buyer is entitled to restitution of any amount by which the sum of the buyer's payments exceeds:
402.718(2)(a)
(a) The amount to which the seller is entitled by virtue of terms liquidating the seller's damages in accordance with
sub. (1); or
402.718(2)(b)
(b) In the absence of such terms, 20 per cent of the value of the total performance for which the buyer is obligated under the contract or $500, whichever is smaller.
402.718(3)
(3) The buyer's right to restitution under
sub. (2) is subject to offset to the extent that the seller establishes:
402.718(3)(a)
(a) A right to recover damages under this chapter other than
sub. (1); and
402.718(3)(b)
(b) The amount or value of any benefits received by the buyer directly or indirectly by reason of the contract.
402.718(4)
(4) Where a seller has received payment in goods their reasonable value or the proceeds of their resale shall be treated as payments for the purpose of
sub. (2); but if the seller has notice of the buyer's breach before reselling goods received in part performance, the seller's resale is subject to the conditions laid down in
s. 402.706 on resale by an aggrieved seller.
402.718 History
History: 1991 a. 316.
402.718 Annotation
A defendant cannot, by demurrer, raise the question of unreasonable liquidated damages, since even if it is true, the plaintiff is entitled to recover the damages he can prove. Northwestern Motor Car, Inc. v. Pope,
51 Wis. 2d 292,
187 N.W.2d 200 (1971).
402.718 Annotation
If a stipulated damages clause is valid, mitigation of damages is not applicable to determine damages. Wassenaar v. Panos,
111 Wis. 2d 518,
331 N.W.2d 357 (1983).
402.719
402.719
Contractual modification or limitation of remedy. 402.719(1)(a)
(a) The agreement may provide for remedies in addition to or in substitution for those provided in this chapter and may limit or alter the measure of damages recoverable under this chapter, as by limiting the buyer's remedies to return of the goods and repayment of the price or to repair and replacement of nonconforming goods or parts; and
402.719(1)(b)
(b) Resort to a remedy as provided is optional unless the remedy is expressly agreed to be exclusive, in which case it is the sole remedy.
402.719(2)
(2) Where circumstances cause an exclusive or limited remedy to fail of its essential purpose, remedy may be had as provided in
chs. 401 to
411.
402.719(3)
(3) Consequential damages may be limited or excluded unless the limitation or exclusion is unconscionable. Limitation of consequential damages for injury to the person in the case of consumer goods is prima facie unconscionable but limitation of damages where the loss is commercial is not.
402.719 History
History: 1979 c. 89;
1991 a. 148,
304,
315.
402.719 Annotation
A commercial contract clause that limited consequential damages was unconscionable. Trinkle v. Schumacher Co.
100 Wis. 2d 13,
301 N.W.2d 255 (Ct. App. 1980).
402.719 Annotation
The remedy under sub. (2) was proper when a damage clause provided damages that were, under the circumstances, unconscionably low. Phillips Petroleum v. Bucyrus-Erie Co.
131 Wis. 2d 21,
388 N.W.2d 584 (1986).
402.719 Annotation
A purchaser cannot claim that a warranty provision has failed of its essential purpose merely because a potential claim did not arise until after the warranty period had expired. Wisconsin Power & Light v. Westinghouse Elec.,
830 F.2d 1405 (1987).
402.719 Annotation
A damage disclaimer is not enforceable if the remaining exclusive remedy fails of its essential purpose. Rich Products Corp. v. Kemutec, Inc.
66 F. Supp. 2d 937 (1999).
402.720
402.720
Effect of "cancellation" or "rescission" on claims for antecedent breach. Unless the contrary intention clearly appears expressions of "cancellation" or "rescission" of the contract or the like shall not be construed as a renunciation or discharge of any claim in damages for the antecedent breach.
402.721
402.721
Remedies for fraud. Remedies for material misrepresentation or fraud include all remedies available under this chapter for nonfraudulent breach. Neither rescission or a claim for rescission of the contract for sale nor rejection or return of the goods shall bar or be deemed inconsistent with a claim for damages or other remedy.
402.722
402.722
Who can sue third parties for injury to goods. Where a third party so deals with goods which have been identified to a contract for sale as to cause actionable injury to a party to that contract:
402.722(1)
(1) A right of action against the third party is in either party to the contract for sale who has title to or a security interest or a special property or an insurable interest in the goods; and if the goods have been destroyed or converted a right of action is also in the party who either bore the risk of loss under the contract for sale or has since the injury assumed that risk as against the other;
402.722(2)
(2) If at the time of the injury the party plaintiff did not bear the risk of loss as against the other party to the contract for sale and there is no arrangement between them for disposition of the recovery, the plaintiff's suit or settlement is, subject to the plaintiff's own interest, as a fiduciary for the other party to the contract;
402.722(3)
(3) Either party may with the consent of the other sue for the benefit of whom it may concern.
402.722 History
History: 1991 a. 316.
402.723
402.723
Proof of market price: time and place. 402.723(1)
(1) If an action based on anticipatory repudiation comes to trial before the time for performance with respect to some or all of the goods, any damages based on market price (
ss. 402.708 or
402.713) shall be determined according to the price of such goods prevailing at the time when the aggrieved party learned of the repudiation.
402.723(2)
(2) If evidence of a price prevailing at the times or places described in this chapter is not readily available the price prevailing within any reasonable time before or after the time described or at any other place which in commercial judgment or under usage of trade would serve as a reasonable substitute for the one described may be used, making any proper allowance for the cost of transporting the goods to or from such other place.
402.723(3)
(3) Evidence of a relevant price prevailing at the time or place other than the one described in this chapter offered by one party is not admissible unless and until that party has given the other party such notice as the court finds sufficient to prevent unfair surprise.
402.723 History
History: 1991 a. 316.
402.724
402.724
Admissibility of market quotations. Whenever the prevailing price or value of any goods regularly bought and sold in any established commodity market is in issue, reports in official publications or trade journals or in newspapers or periodicals of general circulation published as the reports of such market shall be admissible in evidence. The circumstances of the preparation of such a report may be shown to affect its weight but not its admissibility.
402.725
402.725
Statute of limitations in contracts for sale. 402.725(1)(1) An action for breach of any contract for sale must be commenced within 6 years after the cause of action has accrued. By the original agreement the parties, if they are merchants, may reduce the period of limitation to not less than one year. The period of limitation may not otherwise be varied by agreement.
402.725(2)
(2) A cause of action accrues when the breach occurs, regardless of the aggrieved party's lack of knowledge of the breach. A breach of warranty occurs when tender of delivery is made, except that where a warranty explicitly extends to future performance of the goods and discovery of the breach must await the time of such performance the cause of action accrues when the breach is or should have been discovered.
402.725(3)
(3) Where an action commenced within the time limited by
sub. (1) is so terminated as to leave available a remedy by another action for the same breach such other action may be commenced after the expiration of the time limited and within 6 months after the termination of the first action unless the termination resulted from voluntary discontinuance or from dismissal for failure or neglect to prosecute.
402.725(4)
(4) This section does not alter the law on tolling of the statute of limitations nor does it apply to causes of action which have accrued before
chs. 401 to
409 or before
ch. 410 or
411 became effective.
402.725 History
History: 1979 c. 89;
1991 a. 148,
304,
315.
402.725 Annotation
The county was a "merchant" under s. 402.104 for purposes of limitation under s. 402.725 (1). County of Milwaukee v. Northrop Data Systems,
602 F.2d 767 (1979).
402.725 Annotation
Wisconsin law was applied despite a contrary choice of law provision in the contract. Office Supply Co. v. Basic/Four Corp.
538 F. Supp. 776 (1982).
402.725 Annotation
A stringent standard applies in determining whether a warranty explicitly extends to future performance. There must be specific reference to a future time in the warranty, satisfied when a warranty guarantees a product for a particular number of years, or for a less precise, but still determinable period. Selzer v. Brunsell Brothers, Ltd. 2002 WI App 232,
257 Wis. 2d 809,
652 N.W.2d 806.
402.725 Annotation
Implied warranties cannot, by their nature, explicitly extend to future performance. The statute of limitations will always start to run against claims based on implied warranty from the time when delivery of the goods is tendered. Selzer v. Brunsell Brothers, Ltd. 2002 WI App 232,
257 Wis. 2d 809,
652 N.W.2d 806.
402.725 Annotation
While all warranties in a general sense apply to the future performance of goods, the future performance exception in sub. (2) applies only when the warranty explicitly extends to future performance. Evidence that the goods break or physically deteriorate after delivery may be relevant to whether the goods were fit at the time of delivery for the ordinary purpose for which they are used; but consideration of that evidence for that purpose does not impose an express warranty for future performance. City of Stoughton v. Thomasson Lumber Company, 2004 WI App 6,
269 Wis. 2d 339,
675 N.W.2d 487,
02-2192.
