For flat seat,
(U.S. Customary Units)
W = 51.5 pDLPK
(SI Units)
W = 5.25 pDLPK
For nozzle,
(U.S. Customary Units)
W = 51.5APK
(SI Units)
W = 5.25APK
where
A = nozzle-throat area
D = seat diameter
K = coefficient of discharge for the design
L = lift
P = (1.10 × set pressure + 14.7) psia or (1.10 × set pressure + 0.101) MPa, for hot water applications or
= (5.0 psi + 15 psi set + 14.7) psia or (0.035 MPa + 0.100 MPa set + 0.101) MPa, for steam boilers
W = weight of steam/hr
Note: The maximum and minimum coefficient determined by the tests of a valve design shall not vary more than ±5% from the average. If one or more tests are outside the acceptable limits, one valve of the Manufacturer's choice shall be replaced with another valve of the same size and pressure setting or by a modification of the original valve. Following this test a new average coefficient shall be calculated, excluding the replaced valve test. If one or more tests are now outside the acceptable limits, as determined by the new average coefficient, a valve of the Manufacturer's choice must be replaced by two valves of the same size and pressure as the rejected valve. A new average coefficient, including the replacement valves, shall be calculated. If any valve, excluding the two replaced valves, now falls outside the acceptable limits, the tests shall be considered unsatisfactory.
(b) Slope Method. If a Manufacturer wishes to apply the Code Symbol to a design of pressure relief valves, four valves of each combination of pipe and orifice size shall be tested. These four valves shall be set at pressures that cover the approximate range of pressures for which the valve will be used, or that cover the range available at the certified test facility that shall conduct the tests. The capacities shall be based on these four tests as follows:
(1) The slope (W/P) of the actual measured capacity versus the flow pressure for each test point shall be calculated and averaged:
All values derived from the testing must fall within ±5% of the average value:
minimum slope = 0.95 × average slope
maximum slope = 1.05 × average slope
If the values derived from the testing do not fall between the minimum and maximum slope values, the Authorized Observer shall require that additional valves be tested at the rate of two for each valve beyond the maximum and minimum values with a limit of four additional valves.
(2) The relieving capacity to be stamped on the valve shall not exceed 90% of the average slope times the absolute accumulation pressure:
rated slope = 0.90 × average slope
stamped capacity = rated slope × (1.10
× set pressure + 14.7) psia or (1.10 × set pressure + 101) kPa for hot water applications
(c) Three-Valve Method. If a Manufacturer wishes to apply the Code Symbol to steam safety valves or safety relief valves of one or more sizes of a design set at one pressure, he shall submit three valves of each size of each design set at one pressure for testing and the stamped capacity of each size shall not exceed 90% of the average capacity of the three valves tested.
Note: The discharge capacity as determined by the test of each valve tested shall not vary by more than ±5% of the average capacity of the three valves tested. If one of the three valve tests falls outside of the limits, it may be replaced by two valves and a new average calculated based on all four valves, excluding the replaced valve.
ARTICLE 6
INSTRUMENTS, FITTINGS, AND CONTROLS
HG-600 GENERAL
All instruments, fittings, and controls described in this Article shall be installed prior to operation.
HG-601 FOR STEAM HEATING BOILERS
HG-602 STEAM GAGES
(a) Each steam boiler shall have a steam gage or a compound steam gage connected to its steam space or to its water column or to its steam connection. The gage or piping to the gage shall contain a siphon or equivalent device that will develop and maintain a water seal that will prevent steam from entering the gage tube. The piping shall be so arranged that the gage cannot be shut off from the boiler except by a cock placed in the pipe at the gage and provided with a tee- or lever-handle arranged to be parallel to the pipe in which it is located when the cock is open. The gage connection boiler tapping, external siphon, or piping to the boiler shall not be less than NPS ¼ (DN 8). Where steel or wrought iron pipe or tubing is used, the boiler connection and external siphon shall be not less than NPS ½ (DN 15). Ferrous and nonferrous tubing having inside diameters at least equal to that of standard pipe sizes listed above may be substituted for pipe.
(b) The scale on the dial of a steam boiler gage shall be graduated to not less than 30 psi (200 kPa) nor more than 60 psi (414 kPa). The travel of the pointer from 0 psi to 30 psi (0 kPa to 200 kPa) pressure shall be at least 3 in. (75 mm).
HG-603 WATER GAGE GLASSES
(a) Each steam boiler shall have one or more water gage glasses attached to the water column or boiler by means of valved fittings not less than NPS ½ (DN 15), with the lower fitting provided with a drain valve of a type having an unrestricted drain opening not less than ¼ in. (6 mm) in diameter to facilitate cleaning. Gage glass replacement shall be possible with the boiler under pressure. Water glass fittings may be attached directly to a boiler.
Boilers having an internal vertical height of less than 10 in. (250 mm) may be equipped with a water level indicator of the Glass Bull's-Eye type provided the indicator is of sufficient size to show the water at both normal operating and low-water cutoff levels.
(b) The lowest visible part of the water gage glass shall be at least 1 in. (25 mm) above the lowest permissible water level recommended by the boiler Manufacturer. With the boiler operating at this lowest permissible water level, there shall be no danger of overheating any part of the boiler.
Each boiler shall be provided at the time of the manufacture with a permanent marker indicating the lowest permissible water level. The marker shall be stamped, etched, or cast in metal; or it shall be a metallic plate attached by rivets, screws, or welding; or it shall consist of material with documented tests showing its suitability as a permanent marking for the application. This marker shall be visible at all times. Where the boiler is shipped with a jacket, this marker may be located on the jacket.
Note: Transparent material other than glass may be used for the water gage provided that the material will remain transparent and has proved suitable for the pressure, temperature, and corrosive conditions expected in service.
(c) In electric boilers of the submerged electrode type, the water gage glass shall be so located to indicate the water levels both at startup and under maximum steam load conditions as established by the manufacturer.
(d) In electric boilers of the resistance element type, the lowest visible part of the water gage shall be located at least 1 in. (25 mm) above the lowest permissible water level specified by the Manufacturer. Each electric boiler of this type shall also be equipped with an automatic low-water cutoff on each boiler pressure vessel so located as to automatically cut off the power supply to the heating elements before the surface of the water falls below the visible part of the glass.
(e) Tubular water glasses on electric boilers having a normal water content not exceeding 100 gal (300 l) shall be equipped with a protective shield.
(f) A water level indicator using an indirect sensing method may be used in lieu of an operating water gauge glass; however, a water gauge glass must be installed and operable but may be shut off by valving. The water level indicator must be attached to a water column or directly to the boiler by means of valved fittings not less than NPS ½ (DN 15). The device shall be provided with a drain valve of a type having an unrestricted drain opening not less than ¼ in. (6 mm) in diameter to facilitate cleaning. Service and replacement of internal parts and/or housing shall be possible with the boiler under pressure.
HG-604 WATER COLUMN AND WATER LEVEL CONTROL PIPES
(a) The minimum size of ferrous or nonferrous pipes connecting a water column to a steam boiler shall be NPS 1 (DN 25). No outlet connections, except for damper regulator, feedwater regulator, steam gages, or apparatus that does not permit the escape of any steam or water except for manually operated blowdowns, shall be attached to a water column or the piping connecting a water column to a boiler (see HG-705 for introduction of feedwater into a boiler). If the water column, gage glass, low-water fuel cutoff, or other water level control device is connected to the boiler by pipe and fittings, no shutoff valves of any type shall be placed in such pipe, and a cross or equivalent fitting to which a drain valve and piping may be attached shall be placed in the water piping connection at every right angle turn to facilitate cleaning. The water column drain pipe and valve shall be not less than NPS ¾ (DN 20).
(b) The steam connections to the water column of a horizontal firetube wrought boiler shall be taken from the top of the shell or the upper part of the head, and the water connection shall be taken from a point not above the center line of the shell. For a cast iron boiler, the steam connection to the water column shall be taken from the top of an end section or the top of the steam header, and the water connection shall be made on an end section not less than 6 in. (150 mm) below the bottom connection to the water gage glass.
HG-605 PRESSURE CONTROL
Each automatically fired steam boiler shall be protected from overpressure by two pressure-operated controls.
(a) Each individual automatically fired steam boiler shall have a safety limit control that will cut off the fuel supply to prevent steam pressure from exceeding the 15 psi (100 kPa) maximum allowable working pressure of the boiler. Each control shall be constructed to prevent a pressure setting above 15 psi (100 kPa).
(b) Each individual steam boiler shall have a control that will cut off the fuel supply when the pressure reaches an operating limit, which shall be less than the maximum allowable pressure.
(c) Shutoff valves of any type shall not be placed in the steam pressure connection between the boiler and the controls described in (a) and (b) above. These controls shall be protected with a siphon or equivalent means of maintaining a water seal that will prevent steam from entering the control. The control connection boiler tapping, external siphon, or piping to the boiler shall not be less than NPS ¼ (DN 8), but where steel or wrought iron pipe or tubing is used, they shall not be less than NPS ½ (DN 15). The minimum size of an external siphon shall be NPS ¼ (DN 8) or 3/8 in. (10 mm) O.D. nonferrous tubing.
HG-606 AUTOMATIC LOW-WATER FUEL
CUTOFF AND/OR WATER FEEDING DEVICE
(a) Each automatically fired steam or vapor-system boiler shall have an automatic low-water fuel cutoff so located as to automatically cut off the fuel supply before the surface of the water falls below the lowest visible part of the water gage glass. If a water feeding device is installed, it shall be so constructed that the water inlet valve cannot feed water into the boiler through the float chamber and so located as to supply requisite feedwater.
(b) Such a fuel cutoff or water feeding device may be attached directly to a boiler. A fuel cutoff or water feeding device may also be installed in the tapped openings available for attaching a water glass direct to a boiler, provided the connections are made to the boiler with nonferrous tees or Y's not less than NPS ½ (DN 15) between the boiler and the water glass so that the water glass is attached directly and as close as possible to the boiler; the run of the tee or Y shall take the water glass fittings, and the side outlet or branch of the tee or Y shall take the fuel cutoff or water feeding device. The ends of all nipples shall be reamed to full-size diameter.
(c) Fuel cutoffs and water feeding devices embodying a separate chamber shall have a vertical drain pipe and a blowoff valve not less than NPS ¾ (DN 20), located at the lowest point in the water equalizing pipe connections so that the chamber and the equalizing pipe can be flushed and the device tested.
HG-607 MODULAR STEAM HEATING BOILERS
(a) Each module of a modular steam heating boiler shall
be equipped with
(1) steam gage, see HG-602
(2) water gage glass, see HG-603
(3) a pressure control that will cut off the fuel supply when the pressure reaches an operating limit, which shall be less than the maximum allowable pressure
(4) low water cutoff, see HG-606
(b) The assembled modular steam boiler shall also be equipped with a safety limit control that will cut off the fuel supply to prevent steam pressure from exceeding the 15 psi (100 kPa) maximum allowable working pressure of the boiler. The control shall be constructed to prevent pressure setting above 15 psi (100 kPa).
HG-610 FOR HOT WATER HEATING OR HOT WATER SUPPLY BOILERS
HG-611 PRESSURE OR ALTITUDE GAGES
(a) Each hot water heating or hot water supply boiler shall have a pressure or altitude gage connected to it or to its flow connection in such a manner that it cannot be shut off from the boiler except by a cock with tee or lever handle, placed on the pipe near the gage. The handle of the cock shall be parallel to the pipe in which it is located when the cock is open.
(b) Mechanical Gages (Analog). The scale on the dial of the pressure or altitude gage shall be graduated to not less than 1½
nor more than 3½ times the pressure at which the safety relief valve is set.
(c) Electronic gages used in lieu of mechanical gages shall meet the following requirements:
(1) Gage shall be powered from the boiler power supply and it shall have a display that remains on at all times. The gage shall have a backup power supply.
(2) The full scale range of the transducer must be a minimum of 1½ times the pressure at which the safety relief valve is set. It shall be accurate to within ±2% of full scale.
(3) The transducer shall have a media compatibility of both liquids and gases and be temperature compensated.
(4) The gage shall have an operating temperature range of 32°F to 250°F (O°C to 120°C) unless otherwise required by the application.
(d) Piping or tubing for pressure- or altitude-gage connections shall be of nonferrous metal when smaller than NPS 1 (DN 25).
HG-612 THERMOMETERS/TEMPERATURE
SENSORS
Each hot water heating or hot water supply boiler shall have a thermometer or temperature sensor with display so located and connected that it shall be easily readable. The thermometer or sensor shall be so located that it shall at all times indicate the temperature of the water in the boiler at or near the outlet.
(a) Thermometer shall have a minimum full scale range of 5O°F to 250°F (10°C to 120°C).
(b) Electronic temperature sensor used in lieu of a thermometer shall meet the following requirements:
(1) The sensor shall be powered from the boiler power supply and it shall have a display that remains on at all times. The gage shall have a backup power supply.
(2) The full scale of the sensor and display must be a minimum of 250°F (120°C). It shall be accurate to within: ±1 deg.
(3) The sensor shall have a minimum operating temperature range of 32°F to 300°F (0°C to 150°C).
(4) The display shall have an ambient operating temperature range of 32°F to 120°F (0°C to 50°C) unless otherwise required by the application.
HG-613 TEMPERATURE CONTROL
Each automatically fired hot water heating or hot water supply boiler shall be protected from over-temperature by two temperature-operated controls.
