767.24 Annotation
See note to 767.045, citing Allen v. Allen, 78 W (2d) 263, 254 NW (2d) 244.
767.24 Annotation
See note to 767.245, citing Bahr v. Galonski, 80 W (2d) 72, 257 NW (2d) 869.
767.24 Annotation
Consideration of evidence concerning mother's attempts to frustrate father's visitation privileges was proper in awarding custody. Marotz v. Marotz, 80 W (2d) 477, 259 NW (2d) 524.
767.24 Annotation
In contesting child custody where the award was by stipulation, full-scale hearing is necessary. Haugen v. Haugen, 82 W (2d) 411, 262 NW (2d) 769.
767.24 Annotation
Court may not order custodial parent to live in designated part of state or else lose custody of children. In re Marriage of Groh v. Groh, 110 W (2d) 117, 327 NW (2d) 655 (1983).
767.24 Annotation
See note to 767.01, citing In re Marriage of Biel v. Biel, 114 W (2d) 191, 336 NW (2d) 404 (Ct. App. 1983).
767.24 Annotation
In custody dispute between parent and third party, unless court finds that parent is unfit or unable to care for child or that there are compelling reasons for denying custody to parent, court must grant custody to parent. Barstad v. Frazier, 118 W (2d) 549, 348 NW (2d) 479 (1984).
767.24 Annotation
Custody and visitation are controlled by statute and case law and cannot be contracted away; co-parenting contract between parent and non-parent unenforceable. In re Interest of Z.J.H. 162 W (2d) 1002, 471 NW (2d) 202 (1991).
767.24 Annotation
Revision of 767.24 allowing joint custody in cases where both parties did not agree was not a "substantial change in circumstances" justifying change to joint custody. Licary v. Licary, 168 W (2d) 686, 484 NW (2d) 371 (Ct. App. 1992).
767.24 Annotation
Section 767.001 (2m) confers the right to choose a child's religion on the custodial parent. Reasonable restrictions on visitation to prevent subversion of this right do not violate the constitution. Lange v. Lange, 175 W (2d) 373, NW (2d) (Ct. App. 1993).
767.24 Annotation
There is no authority to order a change of custody at an unknown time in the future upon the occurrence of some stated contingency. Koeller v. Koeller, 195 W (2d) 660, 536 NW (2d) 216 (Ct. App. 1995).
767.24 Annotation
A custodial parent's right to make major decisions for the children does not give that parent the right to decide whether the actions of the noncustodial parent are consistent with those decisions. Wood v. DeHahn, 214 W (2d) 221, 571 NW (2d) 186 (Ct. App. 1997).
767.24 Annotation
Neither sub. (4) (b) nor s. 767.325 (4) permits a prospective order prohibiting a parent from requesting a change of physical placement in the future. Jocius v. Jocius, 218 W (2d) 103, 580 NW (2d) 708 (Ct. App. 1998).
767.24 Annotation
Section 813.122 implicitly envisions a change of placement and custody if the trial court issues a child abuse injunction under that section against a parent who has custody or placement of a child under a divorce order or judgment. Scott M.H. v. Kathleen M.H. 218 W (2d) 605, 581 NW (2d) 564 (Ct. App. 1998).
767.24 Annotation
Custody—to which parent? Podell, Peck, First, 56 MLR 51.
767.24 Annotation
The best interest of the child doctrine in Wisconsin custody cases. 64 MLR 343 (1980).
767.24 Annotation
Debating the Standard in Child Custody Placement Decisions. Molvig. Wis. Law. July 1998.
767.245
767.245
Visitation rights of certain persons. 767.245(1)
(1) Except as provided in
sub. (2m), upon petition by a grandparent, greatgrandparent, stepparent or person who has maintained a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship with the child, the court may grant reasonable visitation rights to that person if the parents have notice of the hearing and if the court determines that visitation is in the best interest of the child.
767.245(2)
(2) Whenever possible, in making a determination under
sub. (1), the court shall consider the wishes of the child.
767.245(2m)
(2m) Subsection (3), rather than
sub. (1), applies to a grandparent requesting visitation rights under this section if
sub. (3) (a) to
(c) applies to the child.
767.245(3)
(3) The court may grant reasonable visitation rights, with respect to a child, to a grandparent of the child if the child's parents have notice of the hearing and the court determines all of the following:
767.245(3)(a)
(a) The child is a nonmarital child whose parents have not subsequently married each other.
767.245(3)(b)
(b) Except as provided in
sub. (4), the paternity of the child has been determined under the laws of this state or another jurisdiction if the grandparent filing the petition is a parent of the child's father.
767.245(3)(d)
(d) The grandparent has maintained a relationship with the child or has attempted to maintain a relationship with the child but has been prevented from doing so by a parent who has legal custody of the child.
767.245(3)(e)
(e) The grandparent is not likely to act in a manner that is contrary to decisions that are made by a parent who has legal custody of the child and that are related to the child's physical, emotional, educational or spiritual welfare.
767.245(3)(f)
(f) The visitation is in the best interest of the child.
767.245(3c)
(3c) A grandparent requesting visitation under
sub. (3) may file a petition to commence an independent action for visitation under this chapter or may file a petition for visitation in an underlying action affecting the family under this chapter that affects the child.
767.245(3m)(a)(a) A pretrial hearing shall be held before the court in an action under
sub. (3). At the pretrial hearing the parties may present and cross-examine witnesses and present other evidence relevant to the determination of visitation rights. A record or minutes of the proceeding shall be kept.
767.245(3m)(b)
(b) On the basis of the information produced at the pretrial hearing, the court shall evaluate the probability of granting visitation rights to a grandparent in a trial and shall so advise the parties. On the basis of the evaluation, the court may make an appropriate recommendation for settlement to the parties.
767.245(3m)(c)
(c) If a party or the guardian ad litem refuses to accept a recommendation under this subsection, the action shall be set for trial.
767.245(3m)(d)
(d) The informal hearing under this subsection may be terminated and the action set for trial if the court finds it unlikely that all parties will accept a recommendation under this subsection.
767.245(4)
(4) If the paternity of the child has not yet been determined in an action under
sub. (3) that is commenced by a person other than a parent of the child's mother but the person filing the petition under
sub. (3) has, in conjunction with that petition, filed a petition or motion under
s. 767.45 (1) (k), the court shall make a determination as to paternity before determining visitation rights under
sub. (3).
767.245(5)
(5) Any person who interferes with visitation rights granted under
sub. (1) or
(3) may be proceeded against for contempt of court under
ch. 785, except that a court may impose only the remedial sanctions specified in
s. 785.04 (1) (a) and
(c) against that person.
767.245 Annotation
Biological grandparents had no right to visitation following termination of their son's parental rights and adoption by the child's stepfather. In re Marriage of Soergel, 154 W (2d) 564, 453 NW (2d) 624 (1990).
767.245 Annotation
The visitation petition of a custodial parent's widow did not meet the criteria of sub. (1) where, prior to the custodial parent's death the non-custodial parent had filed a motion to revise custody; s. 880.155 governs visitation in the event of a parent's death. In re Marriage of Cox v. Williams, 177 W (2d) 433, 502 NW (2d) 128 (1993).
767.245 Annotation
A paternity case where the court has retained postjudgment authority to enforce the judgment constitutes an underlying action under which a petition for grandparent visitation may be brought. Paternity of Nastassja L.H.-J., 181 W (2d) 666, 512 NW (2d) 189 (Ct. App. 1993).
767.245 Annotation
An existing underlying action affecting the family does not alone provide standing to petition under this section. The underlying action must threaten the integrity of a family unit. An action under this section does not apply to intact families. Because the father figure in a household was not the biological or adoptive father of one of the children did not mean the family was not intact. Marquardt v. Hegemann-Glascock, 190 W (2d) 447, 526 NW (2d) 834 (Ct. App. 1994).
767.245 Annotation
This section does not apply outside the dissolution of a marriage, but it does not preempt the consideration of visitation in circumstances not subject to the statute. A circuit court may consider visitation by a non-parent outside a marriage dissolution situation in the best interests of the child if the non-parent petitioner demonstrates a parent-like relationship with the child and shows a significant triggering event such as substantial interference with that relationship. Custody of H.S.H-K, 193 W (2d) 649, 533 NW (2d) 419 (1995).
767.245 Annotation
Grandparent Visitation Rights. Rothstein. Wis. Law. Nov. 1992.
767.245 Annotation
The Effect of C.G.F. and Section 48.925 on Grandparental Visitation Petitions. Hughes. Wis. Law. Nov. 1992.
767.25(1)(1) Whenever the court approves a stipulation for child support under
s. 767.10, enters a judgment of annulment, divorce or legal separation, or enters an order or a judgment in an action under
s. 767.02 (1) (f) or
(j) or
767.08, the court shall do all of the following:
767.25(1)(a)
(a) Order either or both parents to pay an amount reasonable or necessary to fulfill a duty to support a child. The support amount may be expressed as a percentage of parental income or as a fixed sum, or as a combination of both in the alternative by requiring payment of the greater or lesser of either a percentage of parental income or a fixed sum.
767.25(1)(b)
(b) Ensure that the parties have stipulated which party, if either is eligible, will claim each child as an exemption for federal income tax purposes under
26 USC 151 (c) (1) (B), or as an exemption for state income tax purposes under
s. 71.07 (8) (b) or under the laws of another state. If the parties are unable to reach an agreement about the tax exemption for each child, the court shall make the decision in accordance with state and federal tax laws. In making its decision, the court shall consider whether the parent who is assigned responsibility for the child's health care expenses under
sub. (4m) is covered under a health insurance policy or plan, including a self-insured plan, that is not subject to
s. 632.897 (10) and that conditions coverage of a dependent child on whether the child is claimed by the insured parent as an exemption for purposes of federal or state income taxes.
767.25(1g)
(1g) In determining child support payments, the court may consider all relevant financial information or other information relevant to the parent's earning capacity, including information reported under
s. 49.22 (2m) to the department or the county child support agency under
s. 59.53 (5).
767.25(1j)
(1j) Except as provided in
sub. (1m), the court shall determine child support payments by using the percentage standard established by the department under
s. 49.22 (9).
767.25(1m)
(1m) Upon request by a party, the court may modify the amount of child support payments determined under
sub. (1j) if, after considering the following factors, the court finds by the greater weight of the credible evidence that use of the percentage standard is unfair to the child or to any of the parties:
767.25(1m)(bp)
(bp) The needs of each party in order to support himself or herself at a level equal to or greater than that established under
42 USC 9902 (2).
767.25(1m)(bz)
(bz) The needs of any person, other than the child, whom either party is legally obligated to support.
767.25(1m)(c)
(c) The standard of living the child would have enjoyed had the marriage not ended in annulment, divorce or legal separation.
767.25(1m)(d)
(d) The desirability that the custodian remain in the home as a full-time parent.
767.25(1m)(e)
(e) The cost of day care if the custodian works outside the home, or the value of custodial services performed by the custodian if the custodian remains in the home.
767.25(1m)(ej)
(ej) The award of substantial periods of physical placement to both parents.
767.25(1m)(em)
(em) Extraordinary travel expenses incurred in exercising the right to periods of physical placement under
s. 767.24.
767.25(1m)(f)
(f) The physical, mental and emotional health needs of the child, including any costs for health insurance as provided for under
sub. (4m).
767.25(1m)(hs)
(hs) The earning capacity of each parent, based on each parent's education, training and work experience and the availability of work in or near the parent's community.
767.25(1m)(i)
(i) Any other factors which the court in each case determines are relevant.
767.25(1n)
(1n) If the court finds under
sub. (1m) that use of the percentage standard is unfair to the child or the requesting party, the court shall state in writing or on the record the amount of support that would be required by using the percentage standard, the amount by which the court's order deviates from that amount, its reasons for finding that use of the percentage standard is unfair to the child or the party, its reasons for the amount of the modification and the basis for the modification.
767.25(2)
(2) The court may protect and promote the best interests of the minor children by setting aside a portion of the child support which either party is ordered to pay in a separate fund or trust for the support, education and welfare of such children.
767.25(3)
(3) Violation of physical placement rights by the custodial parent does not constitute reason for failure to meet child support obligations.
767.25(4)
(4) The court shall order either party or both to pay for the support of any child of the parties who is less than 18 years old, or any child of the parties who is less than 19 years old if the child is pursuing an accredited course of instruction leading to the acquisition of a high school diploma or its equivalent.
767.25(4m)(a)(a) In this subsection, "health insurance" does not include medical assistance provided under
subch. IV of ch. 49.
767.25(4m)(b)
(b) In addition to ordering child support for a child under
sub. (1), the court shall specifically assign responsibility for and direct the manner of payment of the child's health care expenses. In assigning responsibility for a child's health care expenses, the court shall consider whether a child is covered under a parent's health insurance policy or plan at the time the court approves a stipulation for child support under
s. 767.10, enters a judgment of annulment, divorce or legal separation, or enters an order or a judgment in an action under
s. 767.02 (1) (f) or
(j) or
767.08, the availability of health insurance to each parent through an employer or other organization, the extent of coverage available to a child and the costs to the parent for the coverage of the child. A parent may be required to initiate or continue health care insurance coverage for a child under this subsection. If a parent is required to do so, he or she shall provide copies of necessary program or policy identification to the custodial parent and is liable for any health care costs for which he or she receives direct payment from an insurer. This subsection shall not be construed to limit the authority of the court to enter or modify support orders containing provisions for payment of medical expenses, medical costs, or insurance premiums which are in addition to and not inconsistent with this subsection.
767.25(4m)(c)1.1. In directing the manner of payment of a child's health care expenses, the court may order that payment, including payment for health insurance premiums, be withheld from income and sent to the appropriate health care insurer, provider or plan, as provided in
s. 767.265 (3h), or sent to the department or its designee, whichever is appropriate, for disbursement to the person for whom the payment has been awarded if that person is not a health care insurer, provider or plan. If the court orders income withholding and assignment for the payment of health care expenses, the court shall send notice of assignment in the manner provided under
s. 767.265 (2r) and may include the notice of assignment under this subdivision with a notice of assignment under
s. 767.265. The department or its designee, whichever is appropriate, shall keep a record of all moneys received and disbursed by the department or its designee for health care expenses that are directed to be paid to the department or its designee.
Effective date note
NOTE: Subd. 1. is shown as amended eff. 1-4-99 by
1997 Wis. Act 27. Prior to 1-4-99 it reads:
Effective date text
1. In directing the manner of payment of a child's health care expenses, the court may order that payment, including payment for health insurance premiums, be withheld from income and sent to the appropriate health care insurer, provider or plan, as provided in s. 767.265 (3h), or sent to the clerk of court or support collection designee, whichever is appropriate, for disbursement to the person for whom the payment has been awarded if that person is not a health care insurer, provider or plan. If the court orders income withholding and assignment for the payment of health care expenses, the court shall send notice of assignment in the manner provided under s. 767.265 (2r) and may include the notice of assignment under this subdivision with a notice of assignment under s. 767.265. The clerk of court shall keep a record of all moneys received and disbursed by the clerk for health care expenses that are directed to be paid to the clerk and the support collection designee shall keep a record of all moneys received and disbursed by the support collection designee for health care expenses that are directed to be paid to the support collection designee.
767.25(4m)(c)2.
2. If the court orders a parent to initiate or continue health insurance coverage for a child under a health insurance policy that is available to the parent through an employer or other organization but the court does not specify the manner in which payment of the health insurance premiums shall be made, the clerk of court may provide notice of assignment in the manner provided under
s. 767.265 (2r) for the withholding from income of the amount necessary to pay the health insurance premiums. The notice of assignment under this subdivision may be sent with or included as part of any other notice of assignment under
s. 767.265, if appropriate. A person who receives notice of assignment under this subdivision shall send the withheld health insurance premiums to the appropriate health care insurer, provider or plan, as provided in
s. 767.265 (3h).
767.25(4m)(d)
(d) If the court orders a parent to provide coverage of the health care expenses of the parent's child and the parent is eligible for family coverage of health care expenses under a health benefit plan that is provided by an employer on an insured or on a self-insured basis, the employer shall do all of the following:
767.25(4m)(d)1.
1. Permit the parent to obtain family coverage of health care expenses for the child, if eligible for coverage, without regard to any enrollment period or waiting period restrictions that may apply.
767.25(4m)(d)2.
2. Provide family coverage of health care expenses for the child, if eligible for coverage, upon application by the parent, the child's other parent, the department or the county child support agency under
s. 59.53 (5), or upon receiving a notice under
par. (f) 1.
767.25(4m)(d)2m.
2m. Notify the county child support agency under
s. 59.53 (5) when coverage of the child under the health benefit plan is in effect and, upon request, provide copies of necessary program or policy identification to the child's other parent.
767.25(4m)(d)3.
3. After the child has coverage under the employer's health benefit plan, and as long as the parent is eligible for family coverage under the employer's health benefit plan, continue to provide coverage for the child unless the employer receives satisfactory written evidence that the court order is no longer in effect or that the child has coverage of health care expenses under another health insurance policy or health benefit plan that provides comparable coverage of health care expenses.
767.25(4m)(e)1.1. If a parent who has been ordered by a court to provide coverage of the health care expenses of a child who is eligible for medical assistance under
subch. IV of ch. 49 receives payment from a 3rd party for the cost of services provided to the child but does not pay the health care provider for the services or reimburse the department or any other person who paid for the services on behalf of the child, the department may obtain a judgment against the parent for the amount of the 3rd party payment.
767.25(4m)(f)1.1. If a parent who provides coverage of the health care expenses of a child under an order under this subsection changes employers and that parent has a court-ordered child support obligation with respect to the child, the county child support agency under
s. 59.53 (5) shall provide notice of the order to provide coverage of the child's health care expenses to the new employer and to the parent.
