908.01 Annotation
Under sub. (4) (b) 4., there is no requirement that the statement be authorized by the employer or principal. Mercurdo v. County of Milwaukee,
82 Wis. 2d 781,
264 N.W.2d 258 (1978).
908.01 Annotation
Under sub. (4) (b) 1., any prior out-of-court statements by a party, whether or not made "against interest," is not hearsay. State v. Benoit,
83 Wis. 2d 389,
265 N.W.2d 298 (1978).
908.01 Annotation
Sub. (4) (a) 3. applies to statements of identification made soon after perceiving the suspect or his or her likeness in the identification process. State v. Williamson,
84 Wis. 2d 370,
267 N.W.2d 337 (1978).
908.01 Annotation
A robber's representation that a bottle contained nitroglycerine was admissible under sub. (4) (b) 1. to prove that the robber was armed with a dangerous weapon. Beamon v. State,
93 Wis. 2d 215,
286 N.W.2d 592 (1980).
908.01 Annotation
A prior inconsistent statement by a witness at a criminal trial is admissible under sub. (4) (a) 1. as substantive evidence. Vogel v. State,
96 Wis. 2d 372,
291 N.W.2d 850 (1980).
908.01 Annotation
The admission of a statement by a deceased co-conspirator did not violate the right of confrontation and was within sub. (4) (b) 5. State v. Dorcey,
103 Wis. 2d 152,
307 N.W.2d 612 (1981).
908.01 Annotation
Testimony as to a conversation in which the defendant was accused of murder and did not deny it was admissible under the adoptive admissions exception under sub. (4) (b) 2. State v. Marshall,
113 Wis. 2d 643,
335 N.W.2d 612 (1983).
908.01 Annotation
The statement of a coconspirator under sub. (4) (b) 5. may be admitted without proof of the declarant's unavailability or a showing of particular indicia of reliability; the court must determine whether circumstances exist warranting exclusion. State v. Webster,
156 Wis. 2d 510,
458 N.W.2d 373 (Ct. App. 1990).
908.01 Annotation
A confession made in Spanish to a detective who took notes and reported in English was admissible under sub. (4) (b). State v. Arroyo,
166 Wis. 2d 74,
479 N.W.2d 549 (Ct. App. 1991).
908.01 Annotation
Rule 901.04 (1) permits an out-of-court declaration by a party's alleged coconspirator to be considered by the trial court in determining whether there was a conspiracy under sub. (4) (b) 5. State v. Whitaker,
167 Wis. 2d 247,
481 N.W.2d 649 (Ct. App. 1992).
908.01 Annotation
When a person relies on a translator for communication, the statements of the translator are regraded as the speaker's for hearsay purposes. State v. Patino,
177 Wis. 2d 348,
502 N.W.2d 601 (Ct. App. 1993).
908.01 Annotation
The admissibility of one inconsistent sentence under sub. (4) (a) 1. does not bring the declarant's entire statement within the scope of that rule. Wikrent v. Toys "R" Us,
179 Wis. 2d 297,
507 N.W.2d 130 (Ct. App. 1993).
908.01 Annotation
While polygraph tests are inadmissible, post-polygraph interviews, found distinct both as to time and content from the examination that preceded them and the statements made therein, are admissible. State v. Johnson,
193 Wis. 2d 382,
535 Wis. 2d 441 (Ct. App. 1995).
908.01 Annotation
There must be facts that support a reasonable conclusion that a defendant has "embraced the truth" of someone else's statement as a condition precedent to finding an adoptive admission under sub. (4) (b) 2. State v. Rogers,
199 Wis. 2d 817,
539 N.W.2d 897 (Ct. App. 1995).
908.01 Annotation
Statements made by a prosecutor, not under oath, in a prior proceeding may be considered admissions if: 1) the court is convinced the prior statement is inconsistent with the statement at the later trial; 2) the statements are the equivalent of testimonial statements; and 3) the inconsistency is a fair one and an innocent explanation does not exist. State v. Cardenas-Hernandez,
214 Wis. 2d 71,
571 N.W.2d 406 (Ct. App. 1997).
908.01 Annotation
A party's use of an out-of-court statement to show an inconsistency does not automatically give the opposing party the right to introduce the whole statement. Under the rule of completeness, the court has discretion to admit only those statements necessary to provide context and prevent distortion. State v. Eugenio,
219 Wis. 2d 391,
579 N.W.2d 642 (1998).
908.01 Annotation
To use a prior consistent statement under sub. (4) (a) 2., the proponent must show that the statement predated the alleged recent fabrication and that there was an express or implied charge of fabrication at trial. Arsine v. Cascade Mountain, Inc.
223 Wis. 2d 39,
588 N.W.2d 321 (Ct. App. 1998).
908.01 Annotation
Although s. 907.03 allows an expert to base an opinion on hearsay, it does not transform the testimony into admissible evidence. The court must determine when the underlying hearsay may reach the trier of fact through examination of the expert, with cautioning instructions, and when it must be excluded altogether. State v. Watson,
227 Wis. 2d 167,
595 N.W.2d 403 (1999).
908.01 Annotation
When a criminal defendant objects to testimony of his or her out of court statement as incomplete or attempts to cross-examine the witness on additional parts of the statement, the court must make a discretionary determination regarding completeness as required by Eugenio. Additional portions of the defendant's statement are not inadmissible solely because the defendant chooses not to testify. State v. Anderson,
230 Wis. 2d 121,
600 N.W.2d 913 (Ct. App. 1999).
908.01 Annotation
The existence of a conspiracy under sub. (4) (b) 5. must be shown by a preponderance of the evidence by the party offering the statement. Bourjaily v. United States,
483 U.S. 171 (1987).
908.01 Annotation
Under sub. (4) (b) 4., a party introducing the statement of an agent as the admission of a principal need not show that the agent had authority to speak for the principal. The rule only requires that the agent's statement concern "a matter within the scope of his agency or employment." Perzinski v. Chevron Chemical Co.
503 F. 2d 654.
908.01 Annotation
Bourjaily v. United States: New rule for admitting coconspirator hearsay statements. 1988 WLR 577 (1988).
908.02
908.02
Hearsay rule. Hearsay is not admissible except as provided by these rules or by other rules adopted by the supreme court or by statute.
908.02 History
History: Sup. Ct. Order, 59 Wis. 2d R1, R248 (1973).
908.02 Annotation
The rule of completeness requires that a statement, including otherwise inadmissible evidence including hearsay, be admitted in its entirety when necessary to explain an admissible portion of the statement. The rule is not restricted to writings or recorded statements. State v. Sharp,
180 Wis. 2d 640,
511 N.W.2d 316 (Ct. App. 1993).
908.02 Annotation
Prisoner disciplinary hearings are governed by administrative rules that permit consideration of hearsay evidence. State ex rel. Ortega v. McCaughtry,
221 Wis. 2d 376,
585 N.W.2d 640 (Ct. App. 1998).
908.03
908.03
Hearsay exceptions; availability of declarant immaterial. The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule, even though the declarant is available as a witness:
908.03(1)
(1) Present sense impression. A statement describing or explaining an event or condition made while the declarant was perceiving the event or condition, or immediately thereafter.
908.03(2)
(2) Excited utterance. A statement relating to a startling event or condition made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition.
908.03(3)
(3) Then existing mental, emotional, or physical condition. A statement of the declarant's then existing state of mind, emotion, sensation, or physical condition, such as intent, plan, motive, design, mental feeling, pain, and bodily health, but not including a statement of memory or belief to prove the fact remembered or believed unless it relates to the execution, revocation, identification, or terms of declarant's will.
908.03(4)
(4) Statements for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment. Statements made for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment and describing medical history, or past or present symptoms, pain or sensations, or the inception or general character of the cause or external source thereof insofar as reasonably pertinent to diagnosis or treatment.
908.03(5)
(5) Recorded recollection. A memorandum or record concerning a matter about which a witness once had knowledge but now has insufficient recollection to enable the witness to testify fully and accurately, shown to have been made when the matter was fresh in the witness's memory and to reflect that knowledge correctly.
908.03(6)
(6) Records of regularly conducted activity. A memorandum, report, record, or data compilation, in any form, of acts, events, conditions, opinions, or diagnoses, made at or near the time by, or from information transmitted by, a person with knowledge, all in the course of a regularly conducted activity, as shown by the testimony of the custodian or other qualified witness, unless the sources of information or other circumstances indicate lack of trustworthiness.
908.03(6m)(a)(a)
Definition. In this subsection, "health care provider" means a massage therapist or bodyworker issued a certificate under
ch. 460, a chiropractor licensed under
ch. 446, a dentist licensed under
ch. 447, a physician assistant licensed under
ch. 448, or a health care provider as defined in
s. 655.001 (8).
Effective date note
NOTE: Par. (a) is shown as amended eff. 3-1-03 by
2001 Wis. Act 74. Prior to 3-1-03 it reads:
Effective date text
(a) Definition. In this subsection, "health care provider" means a massage therapist or bodyworker issued a license of registration under subch. XI of ch. 440, a chiropractor licensed under ch. 446, a dentist licensed under ch. 447, a physician assistant licensed under ch. 448 or a health care provider as defined in s. 655.001 (8).
908.03(6m)(b)
(b)
Authentication witness unnecessary. A custodian or other qualified witness required by
sub. (6) is unnecessary if the party who intends to offer health care provider records into evidence at a trial or hearing does one of the following at least 40 days before the trial or hearing:
908.03(6m)(b)1.
1. Serves upon all appearing parties an accurate, legible and complete duplicate of the health care provider records for a stated period certified by the record custodian.
908.03(6m)(b)2.
2. Notifies all appearing parties that an accurate, legible and complete duplicate of the health care provider records for a stated period certified by the record custodian is available for inspection and copying during reasonable business hours at a specified location within the county in which the trial or hearing will be held.
908.03(6m)(c)
(c)
Subpoena limitations. Health care provider records are subject to subpoena only if one of the following conditions exists:
908.03(6m)(c)2.
2. The subpoena is authorized by an ex parte order of a judge for cause shown and upon terms.
908.03(6m)(c)3.
3. If upon a properly authorized request of an attorney, the health care provider refuses, fails or neglects to supply within 2 business days a legible certified duplicate of its records for the fees established under
par. (d).
908.03(6m)(d)
(d)
Fees. After December 31, 2002, the department of health and family services shall, by rule, prescribe uniform fees that are based on an approximation of actual costs. The fees, plus applicable tax, are the maximum amount that a health care provider may charge for certified duplicate patient health care records. The rule shall also allow the health care provider to charge for actual postage or other actual delivery costs. For duplicate patient health care records and duplicate X-ray reports or the referral of X-rays to another health care provider that are requested before commencement of an action,
s. 146.83 (1) (b) and
(c) and
(3m) applies.
908.03 Cross-reference
Cross Reference: See also ch.
HFS 117, Wis. adm. code.
908.03(7)
(7) Absence of entry in records of regularly conducted activity. Evidence that a matter is not included in the memoranda, reports, records or data compilations, in any form, of a regularly conducted activity, to prove the nonoccurrence or nonexistence of the matter, if the matter was of a kind of which a memorandum, report, record, or data compilation was regularly made and preserved, unless the sources of information or other circumstances indicate lack of trustworthiness.
908.03(8)
(8) Public records and reports. Records, reports, statements, or data compilations, in any form, of public offices or agencies, setting forth (a) the activities of the office or agency, or (b) matters observed pursuant to duty imposed by law, or (c) in civil cases and against the state in criminal cases, factual findings resulting from an investigation made pursuant to authority granted by law, unless the sources of information or other circumstances indicate lack of trustworthiness.
908.03(9)
(9) Records of vital statistics. Records or data compilations, in any form, of births, fetal deaths, deaths, or marriages, if the report thereof was made to a public office pursuant to requirements of law.
908.03(10)
(10) Absence of public record or entry. To prove the absence of a record, report, statement, or data compilation, in any form, or the nonoccurrence or nonexistence of a matter of which a record, report, statement, or data compilation, in any form, was regularly made and preserved by a public office or agency, evidence in the form of a certification in accordance with
s. 909.02, or testimony, that diligent search failed to disclose the record, report, statement, or data compilation, or entry.
908.03(11)
(11) Records of religious organizations. Statements of births, marriages, divorces, deaths, whether a child is marital or nonmarital, ancestry, relationship by blood, marriage or adoption, or other similar facts of personal or family history, contained in a regularly kept record of a religious organization.
908.03(12)
(12) Marriage, baptismal, and similar certificates. Statements of fact contained in a certificate that the maker performed a marriage or other ceremony or administered a sacrament, made by a member of the clergy, public official, or other person authorized by the rules or practices of a religious organization or by law to perform the act certified, and purporting to have been issued at the time of the act or within a reasonable time thereafter.
908.03(13)
(13) Family records. Statements of fact concerning personal or family history contained in family Bibles, genealogies, charts, engravings on rings, inscriptions on family portraits, engravings on urns, crypts, or tombstones, or the like.
908.03(14)
(14) Records of documents affecting an interest in property. The record of a document purporting to establish or affect an interest in property, as proof of the content of the original recorded document and its execution and delivery by each person by whom it purports to have been executed, if the record is a record of a public office and an applicable statute authorized the recording of documents of that kind in that office.
908.03(15)
(15) Statements in documents affecting an interest in property. A statement contained in a document purporting to establish or affect an interest in property if the matter stated was relevant to the purpose of the document, unless dealings with the property since the document was made have been inconsistent with the truth of the statement or the purport of the document.
908.03(16)
(16) Statements in ancient documents. Statements in a document in existence 20 years or more whose authenticity is established.
908.03(17)
(17) Market reports, commercial publications. Market quotations, tabulations, lists, directories, or other published compilations, generally used and relied upon by the public or by persons in particular occupations.
908.03(18)
(18) Learned treatises. A published treatise, periodical or pamphlet on a subject of history, science or art is admissible as tending to prove the truth of a matter stated therein if the judge takes judicial notice, or a witness expert in the subject testifies, that the writer of the statement in the treatise, periodical or pamphlet is recognized in the writer's profession or calling as an expert in the subject.
908.03(18)(a)
(a) No published treatise, periodical or pamphlet constituting a reliable authority on a subject of history, science or art may be received in evidence, except for impeachment on cross-examination, unless the party proposing to offer such document in evidence serves notice in writing upon opposing counsel at least 40 days before trial. The notice shall fully describe the document which the party proposes to offer, giving the name of such document, the name of the author, the date of publication, the name of the publisher, and specifically designating the portion thereof to be offered. The offering party shall deliver with the notice a copy of the document or of the portion thereof to be offered.
908.03(18)(b)
(b) No rebutting published treatise, periodical or pamphlet constituting a reliable authority on a subject of history, science or art shall be received in evidence unless the party proposing to offer the same shall, not later than 20 days after service of the notice described in
par. (a), serve notice similar to that provided in
par. (a) upon counsel who has served the original notice. The party shall deliver with the notice a copy of the document or of the portion thereof to be offered.
908.03(18)(c)
(c) The court may, for cause shown prior to or at the trial, relieve the party from the requirements of this section in order to prevent a manifest injustice.
908.03(19)
(19) Reputation concerning personal or family history. Reputation among members of a person's family by blood, adoption, or marriage, or among a person's associates, or in the community, concerning a person's birth, adoption, marriage, divorce, death, relationship by blood, adoption, or marriage, ancestry, whether the person is a marital or nonmarital child, or other similar fact of this personal or family history.
908.03(20)
(20) Reputation concerning boundaries or general history. Reputation in a community, arising before the controversy, as to boundaries of or customs affecting lands in the community, and reputation as to events of general history important to the community or state or nation in which located.
908.03(21)
(21) Reputation as to character. Reputation of a person's character among the person's associates or in the community.
908.03(22)
(22) Judgment of previous conviction. Evidence of a final judgment, entered after a trial or upon a plea of guilty, but not upon a plea of no contest, adjudging a person guilty of a felony as defined in
ss. 939.60 and
939.62 (3) (b), to prove any fact essential to sustain the judgment, but not including, when offered by the state in a criminal prosecution for purposes other than impeachment, judgments against persons other than the accused. The pendency of an appeal may be shown but does not affect admissibility.
908.03(23)
(23) Judgment as to personal, family or general history, or boundaries. Judgments as proof of matters of personal, family or general history, or boundaries, essential to the judgment, if the same would be provable by evidence of reputation.
908.03(24)
(24) Other exceptions. A statement not specifically covered by any of the foregoing exceptions but having comparable circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness.
908.03 History
History: Sup. Ct. Order, 59 Wis. 2d R250; Sup. Ct. Order, 67 Wis. 2d vii (1975);
1983 a. 447; Sup. Ct. Order, 158 Wis. 20d xxv (1990);
1991 a. 32,
269;
1993 a. 105;
1995 a. 27 s.
9126 (19);
1997 a. 67,
156;
1999 a. 32,
85,
162;
2001 a. 74,
109.
Effective date note
Judicial Council Note, 1990: Sub. (6m) is repealed and recreated to extend the self-authentication provision to other health care providers in addition to hospitals. That such records may be authenticated without the testimony of their custodian does not obviate other proper objections to their admissibility. The revision changes the basic self-authentication procedure for all health care provider records (including hospitals) by requiring the records to be served on all parties or made reasonably available to them at least 40 days before the trial or hearing. The additional 30 days facilitates responsive discovery, while elimination of the filing requirement reduces courthouse records management impacts. [Re Order eff. 1-1-91]
908.03 Annotation
The res gestae exception is given a broader view when assertions of a young child are involved and will allow admitting statements by a child victim of a sexual assault to a parent 2 days later. Bertrang v. State,
50 Wis. 2d 702,
184 N.W.2d 867 (1971).
908.03 Annotation
Hearsay in a juvenile court worker's report was not admissible under sub. (6) or (8) at a delinquency hearing. Rusecki v. State,
56 Wis. 2d 299,
201 N.W.2d 832 (1972).
908.03 Annotation
A medical record containing a diagnosis or opinion is admissible, but may be excluded if the entry requires explanation or a detailed statement of judgmental factors. Noland v. Mutual of Omaha Insurance Co.
57 Wis. 2d 633,
205 N.W.2d 388 (1973).
908.03 Annotation
The statement of the operator that the press had repeated 3 times, which was made 5 minutes after the malfunction causing his injury, was admissible under the excited utterance exception to the hearsay rule. Nelson v. L. & J. Press Corp.
65 Wis. 2d 770,
223 N.W.2d 607 (1974).
908.03 Annotation
Under the res gestae exception to the hearsay rule, the "excited utterance" exception under sub. (2), testimony by the victim's former husband that his daughter called him at 5 a.m. the morning after a murder and told him, "daddy, daddy, Wilbur killed mommy," was admissible. State v. Davis,
66 Wis. 2d 636,
225 N.W.2d 505 (1975).
908.03 Annotation
The official minutes of a highway committee were admissible under sub. (6) as "records of regularly conducted activity." State v. Nowakowski,
67 Wis. 2d 545,
227 N.W.2d 697 (1975).
908.03 Annotation
A public document, filed under oath and notarized by the defendant, was one having "circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness" under sub. (24). State v. Nowakowski,
67 Wis. 2d 545,
227 N.W.2d 697 (1975).
908.03 Annotation
Statements made by a 5-year -old child to his mother one day after an alleged sexual assault by the defendant were admissible under the excited utterance exception to the hearsay rule, since a more liberal interpretation is provided for that exception in the case of a young child alleged to have been the victim of a sexual assault. State ex rel. Harris v. Schmidt,
69 Wis. 2d 668,
230 N.W.2d 890 (1975).
908.03 Annotation
Probation files and records are public records and admissible at a probation revocation hearing. State ex rel. Prellwitz v. Schmidt,
73 Wis. 2d 35,
242 N.W.2d 227 (1976).
908.03 Annotation
A statement made by a victim within minutes after a stabbing that the defendant "did this to me" was admissible under sub. (2). La Barge v. State,
74 Wis. 2d 327,
246 N.W.2d 794 (1976).
908.03 Annotation
Personal observation of a startling event is not required under sub. (2). State v. Lenarchick,
74 Wis. 2d 425,
247 N.W.2d 80 (1976).
908.03 Annotation
Admission of hospital records did not deprive the defendant of the right to confrontation. State v. Olson,
75 Wis. 2d 575,
250 N.W.2d 12 (1977).
908.03 Annotation
Observations made by a prior trial judge in a decision approving the jury's award of damages were properly excluded as hearsay in a later trial. Johnson v. American Family Mutual Insurance Co.
93 Wis. 2d 633,
287 N.W.2d 729 (1980).
908.03 Annotation
Medical records as explained to the jury by a medical student were sufficient to support a conviction; the right to confrontation was not denied. Hagenkord v. State,
100 Wis. 2d 452,
302 N.W.2d 421 (1981).
908.03 Annotation
A chiropractor could testify as to a patient's self-serving statements when those statements were used to form his medical opinion under sub. (4). Klingman v. Kruschke,
115 Wis. 2d 124,
339 N.W.2d 603 (Ct. App. 1983).
908.03 Annotation
An interrogator's account of a child witness's out of court statements made four days after a murder, when notes of the conversation were available although not introduced, was admissible under sub. (24). State v. Jenkins,
168 Wis. 2d 175,
483 N.W.2d 262 (1992).
908.03 Annotation
A defendant has a burden of production to come forward with some evidence of a negative defense to warrant jury consideration. State v. Pettit,
171 Wis. 2d 627,
492 N.W.2d 633 (Ct. App. 1992).
908.03 Annotation
For a statement to be an excited utterance there must be a "startling event or condition" and the declarant must have made the statement "while under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition." State v. Boshcka,
173 Wis. 2d 387 reprinted at
178 Wis. 2d 628,
496 N.W.2d 627 (Ct. App. 1992).
908.03 Annotation
When proffered hearsay has sufficient guarantees of reliability to come within a firmly rooted exception, the confrontation clause is satisfied. State v. Patino,
177 Wis. 2d 348,
502 N.W.2d 601 (Ct. App. 1993).
