403.411
403.411
Refusal to pay cashier's checks, teller's checks and certified checks. 403.411(1)
(1) In this section, "obligated bank" means the acceptor of a certified check or the issuer of a cashier's check or teller's check bought from the issuer.
403.411(2)
(2) If the obligated bank wrongfully refuses to pay a cashier's check or certified check, wrongfully stops payment of a teller's check or wrongfully refuses to pay a dishonored teller's check, the person asserting the right to enforce the check is entitled to compensation for expenses and loss of interest resulting from the nonpayment and may recover consequential damages if the obligated bank refuses to pay after receiving notice of particular circumstances giving rise to the damages.
403.411(3)
(3) Expenses or consequential damages under
sub. (2) are not recoverable if the refusal of the obligated bank to pay occurs because of any of the following:
403.411(3)(b)
(b) The obligated bank asserts a claim or defense of the obligated bank that it has reasonable grounds to believe is available against the person entitled to enforce the instrument, including a claim or defense that arises from accepting, in good faith and exercising ordinary care, an instrument as payment for a cashier's check or teller's check, where the instrument accepted as payment for the cashier's check or teller's check was, and the obligated bank was without notice that the instrument was, stolen, forged, drawn on a fictitious account, drawn on an account with insufficient funds, or otherwise fraudulent or worthless.
403.411(3)(c)
(c) The obligated bank has a reasonable doubt as to whether the person demanding payment is the person entitled to enforce the instrument.
403.411 History
History: 1995 a. 449.
403.412
403.412
Obligation of issuer of note or cashier's check. The issuer of a note or cashier's check or other draft drawn on the drawer is obliged to pay the instrument according to its terms at the time that it was issued or, if not issued, at the time that it first came into possession of a holder or, if the issuer signed an incomplete instrument, according to its terms when completed, to the extent stated in
ss. 403.115 and
403.407. The obligation is owed to a person entitled to enforce the instrument or to an endorser who paid the instrument under
s. 403.415.
403.412 History
History: 1995 a. 449.
403.413
403.413
Obligation of acceptor. 403.413(1)
(1) The acceptor of a draft is obliged to pay the draft according to its terms at the time that it was accepted, even though the acceptance states that the draft is payable "as originally drawn" or equivalent terms, if the acceptance varies the terms of the draft, according to the terms of the draft as varied, or if the acceptance is of a draft that is an incomplete instrument, according to its terms when completed, to the extent stated in
ss. 403.115 and
403.407. The obligation is owed to a person entitled to enforce the draft or to the drawer or an endorser who paid the draft under
s. 403.414 or
403.415.
403.413(2)
(2) If the certification of a check or other acceptance of a draft states the amount certified or accepted, the obligation of the acceptor is that amount. If the certification or acceptance does not state an amount, the amount of the instrument is subsequently raised, and the instrument is then negotiated to a holder in due course, the obligation of the acceptor is the amount of the instrument at the time that it was taken by the holder in due course.
403.413 History
History: 1995 a. 449.
403.414
403.414
Obligation of drawer. 403.414(1)
(1) This section does not apply to cashier's checks or other drafts drawn on the drawer.
403.414(2)
(2) If an unaccepted draft is dishonored, the drawer is obliged to pay the draft according to its terms at the time that it was issued or, if not issued, at the time that it first came into possession of a holder, or if the drawer signed an incomplete instrument, according to its terms when completed, to the extent stated in
ss. 403.115 and
403.407. The obligation is owed to a person entitled to enforce the draft or to an endorser who paid the draft under
s. 403.415.
403.414(3)
(3) If a draft is accepted by a bank, the drawer is discharged, regardless of when or by whom acceptance was obtained.
403.414(4)
(4) If a draft is accepted and the acceptor is not a bank, the obligation of the drawer to pay the draft if the draft is dishonored by the acceptor is the same as the obligation of an endorser under
s. 403.415 (1) and
(3).
403.414(5)
(5) If a draft states that it is drawn "without recourse" or otherwise disclaims liability of the drawer to pay the draft, the drawer is not liable under
sub. (2) to pay the draft if the draft is not a check. A disclaimer of the liability stated in
sub. (2) is not effective if the draft is a check.
403.414(6)
(6) If a check is not presented for payment or given to a depositary bank for collection within 30 days after its date, the drawee suspends payments after expiration of the 30-day period without paying the check, and because of the suspension of payments, the drawer is deprived of funds maintained with the drawee to cover payment of the check, the drawer, to the extent deprived of funds, may discharge its obligation to pay the check by assigning to the person entitled to enforce the check the rights of the drawer against the drawee with respect to the funds.
403.414(7)
(7) A person who issues a check or other draft that is not honored upon presentment, because the drawer does not have an account with the drawee or because the drawer does not have sufficient funds in his or her account or sufficient credit with the drawee, is liable for all reasonable costs and expenses in connection with the collection of the amount for which the check or draft was written, except recovery is not permitted under this section if a person licensed under
s. 138.09 or any other person collected or could have collected a charge for that check or other draft under
s. 422.202 (1) (d) or
(2m).
403.414 History
History: 1995 a. 449;
1997 a. 331.
403.415
403.415
Obligation of endorser. 403.415(1)
(1) Subject to
subs. (2) to
(5) and to
s. 403.419 (4), if an instrument is dishonored, an endorser is obliged to pay the amount due on the instrument according to the terms of the instrument at the time that it was endorsed, or if the endorser endorsed an incomplete instrument, according to its terms when completed, to the extent stated in
ss. 403.115 and
403.407. The obligation of the endorser is owed to a person entitled to enforce the instrument or to a subsequent endorser who paid the instrument under this section.
403.415(2)
(2) If an endorsement states that it is made "without recourse" or otherwise disclaims liability of the endorser, the endorser is not liable under
sub. (1) to pay the instrument.
403.415(3)
(3) If notice of dishonor of an instrument is required by
s. 403.503 and notice of dishonor complying with that section is not given to an endorser, the liability of the endorser under
sub. (1) is discharged.
403.415(4)
(4) If a draft is accepted by a bank after an endorsement is made, the liability of the endorser under
sub. (1) is discharged.
403.415(5)
(5) If an endorser of a check is liable under
sub. (1) and the check is not presented for payment, or given to a depositary bank for collection, within 30 days after the day on which the endorsement was made, the liability of the endorser under
sub. (1) is discharged.
403.415 History
History: 1995 a. 449.
403.416
403.416
Transfer warranties. 403.416(1)(1) A person who transfers an instrument for consideration warrants to the transferee and, if the transfer is by endorsement, to any subsequent transferee that all of the following apply:
403.416(1)(a)
(a) The warrantor is a person entitled to enforce the instrument.
403.416(1)(b)
(b) All signatures on the instrument are authentic and authorized.
403.416(1)(d)
(d) The instrument is not subject to a defense or claim in recoupment of any party which can be asserted against the warrantor.
403.416(1)(e)
(e) The warrantor has no knowledge of any insolvency proceeding commenced with respect to the maker or acceptor or, in the case of an unaccepted draft, the drawer.
403.416(1)(f)
(f) If the instrument is a demand draft, the creation of the instrument according to the terms on its face was authorized by the person identified as the drawer.
403.416(2)
(2) A person to whom the warranties under
sub. (1) are made and who took the instrument in good faith may recover from the warrantor as damages for breach of warranty an amount equal to the loss suffered as a result of the breach, but not more than the amount of the instrument plus expenses and loss of interest incurred as a result of the breach.
403.416(3)
(3) The warranties stated in
sub. (1) may not be disclaimed with respect to checks. Unless notice of a claim for breach of warranty is given to the warrantor within 30 days after the claimant has reason to know of the breach and the identity of the warrantor, the liability of the warrantor under
sub. (2) is discharged to the extent of any loss caused by the delay in giving notice of the claim.
403.416(4)
(4) A cause of action for breach of warranty under this section accrues when the claimant has reason to know of the breach.
403.416 History
History: 1995 a. 449;
2003 a. 86.
403.417
403.417
Presentment warranties. 403.417(1)
(1) If an unaccepted draft is presented to the drawee for payment or acceptance and the drawee pays or accepts the draft, the person obtaining payment or acceptance, at the time of presentment, and a previous transferor of the draft, at the time of transfer, warrant to the drawee making payment or accepting the draft in good faith that all of the following apply:
403.417(1)(a)
(a) The warrantor is, or was at the time that the warrantor transferred the draft, a person entitled to enforce the draft or authorized to obtain payment or acceptance of the draft on behalf of a person entitled to enforce the draft.
403.417(1)(c)
(c) The warrantor has no knowledge that the signature of the drawer of the draft is unauthorized.
403.417(1)(d)
(d) If the instrument is a demand draft, the creation of the instrument according to the terms on its face was authorized by the person identified as the drawer.
403.417(2)
(2) A drawee making payment may recover from any warrantor damages for breach of warranty equal to the amount paid by the drawee less the amount that the drawee received or is entitled to receive from the drawer because of the payment. In addition, the drawee is entitled to compensation for expenses and loss of interest resulting from the breach. The right of the drawee to recover damages under this subsection is not affected by any failure of the drawee to exercise ordinary care in making payment. If the drawee accepts the draft, breach of warranty is a defense to the obligation of the acceptor. If the acceptor makes payment with respect to the draft, the acceptor is entitled to recover from any warrantor for breach of warranty the amounts stated in this subsection.
403.417(3)
(3) If a drawee asserts a claim for breach of warranty under
sub. (1) based on an unauthorized endorsement of the draft or an alteration of the draft, the warrantor may defend by proving that the endorsement is effective under
s. 403.404 or
403.405 or the drawer is precluded under
s. 403.406 or
404.406 from asserting against the drawee the unauthorized endorsement or alteration.
403.417(4)
(4) If a dishonored draft is presented for payment to the drawer or an endorser or any other instrument is presented for payment to a party obliged to pay the instrument and payment is received, the following rules apply:
403.417(4)(a)
(a) The person obtaining payment and a prior transferor of the instrument warrant to the person making payment in good faith that the warrantor is, or was at the time that the warrantor transferred the instrument, a person entitled to enforce the instrument or authorized to obtain payment on behalf of a person entitled to enforce the instrument.
403.417(4)(b)
(b) The person making payment may recover from any warrantor for breach of warranty an amount equal to the amount paid plus expenses and loss of interest resulting from the breach.
403.417(5)
(5) The warranties stated in
subs. (1) and
(4) may not be disclaimed with respect to checks. Unless notice of a claim for breach of warranty is given to the warrantor within 30 days after the claimant has reason to know of the breach and the identity of the warrantor, the liability of the warrantor under
sub. (2) or
(4) is discharged to the extent of any loss caused by the delay in giving notice of the claim.
403.417(6)
(6) A cause of action for breach of warranty under this section accrues when the claimant has reason to know of the breach.
403.417 History
History: 1995 a. 449;
2003 a. 86.
403.418
403.418
Payment or acceptance by mistake. 403.418(1)
(1) Except as provided in
sub. (3), if the drawee of a draft pays or accepts the draft and the drawee acted on the mistaken belief that payment of the draft had not been stopped pursuant to
s. 404.403 or that the signature of the drawer of the draft was authorized, the drawee may recover the amount of the draft from the person to whom or for whose benefit payment was made or, in the case of acceptance, may revoke the acceptance. Rights of the drawee under this subsection are not affected by failure of the drawee to exercise ordinary care in paying or accepting the draft.
403.418(2)
(2) Except as provided in
sub. (3), if an instrument has been paid or accepted by mistake and the case is not covered by
sub. (1), the person paying or accepting may, to the extent permitted by the law governing mistake and restitution, recover the payment from the person to whom or for whose benefit payment was made or, in the case of acceptance, may revoke the acceptance.
403.418(3)
(3) The remedies provided by
sub. (1) or
(2) may not be asserted against a person who took the instrument in good faith and for value or who in good faith changed position in reliance on the payment or acceptance. This subsection does not limit remedies provided by
s. 403.417 or
404.407.
403.418(4)
(4) Notwithstanding
s. 404.215, if an instrument is paid or accepted by mistake and the payer or acceptor recovers payment or revokes acceptance under
sub. (1) or
(2), the instrument is considered not to have been paid or accepted and is treated as dishonored, and the person from whom payment is recovered has rights as a person entitled to enforce the dishonored instrument.
403.418 History
History: 1995 a. 449.
403.419
403.419
Instruments signed for accommodation. 403.419(1)(1) If an instrument is issued for value given for the benefit of a party to the instrument ("accommodated party") and another party to the instrument ("accommodation party") signs the instrument for the purpose of incurring liability on the instrument without being a direct beneficiary of the value given for the instrument, the instrument is signed by the accommodation party "for accommodation".
403.419(2)
(2) An accommodation party may sign the instrument as maker, drawer, acceptor or endorser and, subject to
sub. (4), is obliged to pay the instrument in the capacity in which the accommodation party signs. The obligation of an accommodation party may be enforced notwithstanding any statute of frauds and whether or not the accommodation party receives consideration for the accommodation.
403.419(3)
(3) A person signing an instrument is presumed to be an accommodation party and there is notice that the instrument is signed for accommodation if the signature is an anomalous endorsement or is accompanied by words indicating that the signer is acting as surety or guarantor with respect to the obligation of another party to the instrument. Except as provided in
s. 403.605, the obligation of an accommodation party to pay the instrument is not affected by the fact that the person enforcing the obligation had notice when the instrument was taken by that person that the accommodation party signed the instrument for accommodation.
403.419(4)
(4) If the signature of a party to an instrument is accompanied by words indicating unambiguously that the party is guaranteeing collection rather than payment of the obligation of another party to the instrument, the signer is obliged to pay the amount due on the instrument to a person entitled to enforce the instrument only if any of the following occurs:
403.419(4)(a)
(a) Execution of judgment against the other party has been returned unsatisfied.
403.419(4)(b)
(b) The other party is insolvent or in an insolvency proceeding.
403.419(4)(d)
(d) It is otherwise apparent that payment cannot be obtained from the other party.
403.419(5)
(5) An accommodation party who pays the instrument is entitled to reimbursement from the accommodated party and is entitled to enforce the instrument against the accommodated party. An accommodated party who pays the instrument has no right of recourse against, and is not entitled to contribution from, an accommodation party.
403.419 History
History: 1995 a. 449.
403.420
403.420
Conversion of instrument. 403.420(1)
(1) The law applicable to conversion of personal property applies to instruments. An instrument is also converted if it is taken by transfer, other than a negotiation, from a person not entitled to enforce the instrument or a bank makes or obtains payment with respect to the instrument for a person not entitled to enforce the instrument or receive payment. An action for conversion of an instrument may not be brought by the issuer or acceptor of the instrument or by a payee or endorsee who did not receive delivery of the instrument either directly or through delivery to an agent or a copayee.
403.420(2)
(2) In an action under
sub. (1), the measure of liability is presumed to be the amount payable on the instrument, but recovery may not exceed the amount of the plaintiff's interest in the instrument.
403.420(3)
(3) A representative, other than a depositary bank, who has in good faith dealt with an instrument or its proceeds on behalf of one who was not the person entitled to enforce the instrument is not liable in conversion to that person beyond the amount of any proceeds that it has not paid out.
403.420 History
History: 1995 a. 449.
DISHONOR
403.501(1)(1) "Presentment" means a demand made by or on behalf of a person entitled to enforce an instrument to do any of the following:
403.501(1)(a)
(a) Pay the instrument made to the drawee or a party obliged to pay the instrument or, in the case of a note or accepted draft payable at a bank, to the bank.
403.501(2)
(2) The following rules are subject to
ch. 404, agreement of the parties, and clearinghouse rules and the like:
403.501(2)(a)
(a) Presentment may be made at the place of payment of the instrument and shall be made at the place of payment if the instrument is payable at a bank in the United States; may be made by any commercially reasonable means, including an oral, written or electronic communication; is effective when the demand for payment or acceptance is received by the person to whom presentment is made; and is effective if made to any one of 2 or more makers, acceptors, drawees or other payers.
403.501(2)(b)
(b) Upon demand of the person to whom presentment is made, the person making presentment shall do all of the following:
