961.435 History
History: 1975 c. 190;
1995 a. 448 s.
269; Stats. 1995 s. 961.435.
961.44
961.44
Penalties under other laws. Any penalty imposed for violation of this chapter is in addition to, and not in lieu of, any civil or administrative penalty or sanction otherwise authorized by law.
961.44 History
History: 1971 c. 219;
1995 a. 448 s.
271; Stats. 1995 s. 961.44.
961.45
961.45
Bar to prosecution. If a violation of this chapter is a violation of a federal law or the law of another state, a conviction or acquittal under federal law or the law of another state for the same act is a bar to prosecution in this state.
961.45 History
History: 1971 c. 219;
1995 a. 448 s.
272; Stats. 1995 s. 961.45.
961.45 Annotation
Under this section, a "prosecution" is to be equated with a conviction or acquittal. The date on which a sentence is imposed is not relevant to the determination of whether a "prosecution" has occurred. State v. Petty,
201 Wis. 2d 337,
548 N.W.2d 817 (1996),
93-2200.
961.45 Annotation
This section bars a Wisconsin prosecution under ch. 961 for the same conduct on which a prior federal conviction is based. The restriction is not limited to the same crime as defined by its statutory elements. State v. Hansen, 2001 WI 53,
243 Wis. 2d 328,
627 N.W.2d 195,
99-1128.
961.452
961.452
Defenses in certain schedule V prosecutions. 961.452(1)(1) A person who proves all of the following by a preponderance of the evidence has a defense to prosecution under
s. 961.41 (1) (j) that is based on the person's violation of a condition specified in
s. 961.23 with respect to the person's distribution or delivery of a pseudoephedrine product:
961.452(1)(a)
(a) The person did not knowingly or recklessly violate the condition under
s. 961.23.
961.452(1)(b)
(b) The person reported his or her own violation of the condition under
s. 961.23 to a law enforcement officer in the county or municipality in which the violation occurred within 30 days after the violation.
961.452(2)
(2) A seller who proves all of the following by a preponderance of the evidence has a defense to prosecution under
s. 961.41 (1) (j) that is based on the person's violation of a condition specified in
s. 961.23 with respect to the person's distribution or delivery of a pseudoephedrine product:
961.452(2)(a)
(a) The person did not knowingly or recklessly violate the condition under
s. 961.23.
961.452(2)(b)
(b) The acts or omissions constituting the violation of the condition under
s. 961.23 were the acts or omissions of one or more of the person's employees.
961.452(2)(c)
(c) The person provided training to each of those employees regarding the restrictions imposed under
s. 961.23 on the delivery of pseudoephedrine products.
961.452(3)
(3) A person who proves all of the following by a preponderance of the evidence has a defense to prosecution under
s. 961.41 (1) (j) for a violation of
s. 961.23 (6):
961.452(3)(a)
(a) The purchaser presented an identification card that contained a name or address other than the person's own.
961.452(3)(b)
(b) The appearance of the purchaser was such that an ordinary and prudent person would believe that the purchaser was the person depicted in the photograph contained in that identification card.
961.452(3)(c)
(c) The sale was made in good faith, in reasonable reliance on the identification card and appearance of the purchaser, and with the belief that the name and address of the purchaser were as listed on the identification card.
961.452(4)
(4) A person who proves all of the following by a preponderance of the evidence has a defense to prosecution under
s. 961.41 (1) (j) for a violation of
s. 961.23 (8):
961.452(4)(a)
(a) The purchaser presented an identification card that indicated that he or she was 18 years of age or older.
961.452(4)(b)
(b) The appearance of the purchaser was such that an ordinary and prudent person would believe that the purchaser was 18 years of age or older.
961.452(4)(c)
(c) The sale was made in good faith, in reasonable reliance on the identification card and appearance of the purchaser, and with the belief that the purchaser was 18 years of age or older.
961.452 History
History: 2005 a. 14.
961.453
961.453
Purchases of pseudoephedrine products on behalf of another person. 961.453(1)(a)(a) No person may, with the intent to acquire more than 7.5 grams of pseudoephedrine contained in a pseudoephedrine product within a 30-day period, knowingly solicit, hire, direct, employ, or use another to purchase a pseudoephedrine product on his or her behalf.
961.453(1)(b)1.1. Except as provided in
subd. 2., a person who violates
par. (a) is guilty of a Class I felony.
961.453(1)(b)2.
2. If the person who is solicited, hired, directed, employed, or used to purchase the pseudoephedrine product is an individual who is less than 18 years of age, the actor is guilty of a Class H felony.
961.453(2)
(2) No person may purchase a pseudoephedrine product on behalf of another with the intent to facilitate another person's manufacture of methamphetamine. A person who violates this subsection is guilty of a Class I felony.
961.453 History
History: 2005 a. 14,
262.
961.455
961.455
Using a child for illegal drug distribution or manufacturing purposes. 961.455(1)
(1) Any person who has attained the age of 17 years who knowingly solicits, hires, directs, employs or uses a person who is under the age of 17 years for the purpose of violating
s. 961.41 (1) is guilty of a Class F felony.
961.455(2)
(2) The knowledge requirement under
sub. (1) does not require proof of knowledge of the age of the child. It is not a defense to a prosecution under this section that the actor mistakenly believed that the person solicited, hired, directed, employed or used under
sub. (1) had attained the age of 18 years, even if the mistaken belief was reasonable.
961.455(3)
(3) Solicitation under
sub. (1) occurs in the manner described under
s. 939.30, but the penalties under
sub. (1) apply instead of the penalties under
s. 939.30.
961.455(4)
(4) If the conduct described under
sub. (1) results in a violation under
s. 961.41 (1), the actor is subject to prosecution and conviction under
s. 961.41 (1) or this section or both.
961.46
961.46
Distribution to persons under age 18. If a person 17 years of age or over violates
s. 961.41 (1) by distributing or delivering a controlled substance or a controlled substance analog to a person 17 years of age or under who is at least 3 years his or her junior, the applicable maximum term of imprisonment prescribed under
s. 961.41 (1) for the offense may be increased by not more than 5 years.
961.47
961.47
Conditional discharge for possession or attempted possession as first offense. 961.47(1)
(1) Whenever any person who has not previously been convicted of any offense under this chapter, or of any offense under any statute of the United States or of any state or of any county ordinance relating to controlled substances or controlled substance analogs, narcotic drugs, marijuana or stimulant, depressant or hallucinogenic drugs, pleads guilty to or is found guilty of possession or attempted possession of a controlled substance or controlled substance analog under
s. 961.41 (3g) (b), the court, without entering a judgment of guilt and with the consent of the accused, may defer further proceedings and place him or her on probation upon terms and conditions. Upon violation of a term or condition, the court may enter an adjudication of guilt and proceed as otherwise provided. Upon fulfillment of the terms and conditions, the court shall discharge the person and dismiss the proceedings against him or her. Discharge and dismissal under this section shall be without adjudication of guilt and is not a conviction for purposes of disqualifications or disabilities imposed by law upon conviction of a crime, including the additional penalties imposed for 2nd or subsequent convictions under
s. 961.48. There may be only one discharge and dismissal under this section with respect to any person.
961.47(2)
(2) Within 20 days after probation is granted under this section, the clerk of court shall notify the department of justice of the name of the individual granted probation and any other information required by the department. This report shall be upon forms provided by the department.
961.47 History
History: 1971 c. 219;
1985 a. 29;
1989 a. 121;
1991 a. 39;
1995 a. 448 s.
285; Stats. 1995 s. 961.47.
961.47 Annotation
A disposition of probation without entering a judgment of guilt, was not appealable because there was no judgment. If a defendant desires either a final judgment or order in the nature of a final judgment for appeal purposes, he or she has only to withhold consent. State v. Ryback,
64 Wis. 2d 574,
219 N.W.2d 263 (1974).
961.47 Annotation
The reference to s. 161.41 (3) [now s. 961.41 (3g) (b)] in sub. (1) means that proceedings may only be deferred for convictions for crimes encompassed by s. 161.41 (3) [now s. 961.41 (3g) (b)]. State v. Boyer,
198 Wis. 2d 837,
543 N.W.2d 562 (Ct. App. 1995),
95-0624.
961.472
961.472
Assessment; certain possession or attempted possession offenses. 961.472(1)
(1) In this section, "facility" means an approved public treatment facility, as defined under
s. 51.45 (2) (c).
961.472(2)
(2) Except as provided in
sub. (5), if a person pleads guilty or is found guilty of possession or attempted possession of a controlled substance or controlled substance analog under
s. 961.41 (3g) (am),
(c),
(d), or
(g), the court shall order the person to comply with an assessment of the person's use of controlled substances. The court's order shall designate a facility that is operated by or pursuant to a contract with the county department established under
s. 51.42 and that is certified by the department of health services to provide assessment services to perform the assessment and, if appropriate, to develop a proposed treatment plan. The court shall notify the person that noncompliance with the order limits the court's ability to determine whether the treatment option under
s. 961.475 is appropriate. The court shall also notify the person of the fee provisions under
s. 46.03 (18) (fm).
961.472(3)
(3) The facility shall submit an assessment report within 14 days to the court. At the request of the facility, the court may extend the time period by not more than 20 additional workdays. The assessment report may include a proposed treatment plan.
961.472(4)
(4) The court shall consider the assessment report in determining whether the treatment option under
s. 961.475 is appropriate.
961.472(5)
(5) The court is not required to enter an order under
sub. (2) if any of the following applies:
961.472(5)(a)
(a) The court finds that the person is already covered by or has recently completed an assessment under this section or a substantially similar assessment.
961.475
961.475
Treatment option. Whenever any person pleads guilty to or is found guilty of possession or attempted possession of a controlled substance or controlled substance analog under
s. 961.41 (3g), the court may, upon request of the person and with the consent of a treatment facility with special inpatient or outpatient programs for the treatment of drug dependent persons, allow the person to enter the treatment programs voluntarily for purposes of treatment and rehabilitation. Treatment shall be for the period the treatment facility feels is necessary and required, but shall not exceed the maximum sentence allowable unless the person consents to the continued treatment. At the end of the necessary and required treatment, with the consent of the court, the person may be released from sentence. If treatment efforts are ineffective or the person ceases to cooperate with treatment rehabilitation efforts, the person may be remanded to the court for completion of sentencing.
961.48
961.48
Second or subsequent offenses. 961.48(1)
(1) If a person is charged under
sub. (2m) with a felony offense under this chapter that is a 2nd or subsequent offense as provided under
sub. (3) and the person is convicted of that 2nd or subsequent offense, the maximum term of imprisonment for the offense may be increased as follows:
961.48(1)(a)
(a) By not more than 6 years, if the offense is a Class C or D felony.
961.48(1)(b)
(b) By not more than 4 years, if the offense is a Class E, F, G, H, or I felony.
961.48(2m)(a)(a) Whenever a person charged with a felony offense under this chapter may be subject to a conviction for a 2nd or subsequent offense, he or she is not subject to an enhanced penalty under
sub. (1) unless any applicable prior convictions are alleged in the complaint, indictment or information or in an amended complaint, indictment or information that is filed under
par. (b) 1. A person is not subject to an enhanced penalty under
sub. (1) for an offense if an allegation of applicable prior convictions is withdrawn by an amended complaint filed under
par. (b) 2.
961.48(2m)(b)
(b) Notwithstanding
s. 971.29 (1), at any time before entry of a guilty or no contest plea or the commencement of a trial, a district attorney may file without leave of the court an amended complaint, information or indictment that does any of the following:
961.48(2m)(b)1.
1. Charges an offense as a 2nd or subsequent offense under this chapter by alleging any applicable prior convictions.
961.48(2m)(b)2.
2. Withdraws the charging of an offense as a 2nd or subsequent offense under this chapter by withdrawing an allegation of applicable prior convictions.
961.48(3)
(3) For purposes of this section, a felony offense under this chapter is considered a 2nd or subsequent offense if, prior to the offender's conviction of the offense, the offender has at any time been convicted of any felony or misdemeanor offense under this chapter or under any statute of the United States or of any state relating to controlled substances or controlled substance analogs, narcotic drugs, marijuana or depressant, stimulant or hallucinogenic drugs.
961.48 Annotation
The trial court erred in imposing a 2nd sentence on a defendant convicted of a 2nd violation of 161.41 (1) (a) and 161.14 (3) (k) [now s. 961.41 (1) (a) and 961.14 (3) (k)]. While the repeater statute, 161.48 [now s. 961.48], allows imposition of a penalty not exceeding twice that allowable for a 1st offense, it does not of itself create a crime and cannot support a separate and independent sentence. Olson v. State,
69 Wis. 2d 605,
230 N.W.2d 634.
961.48 Annotation
For offenses under ch. 161 [now ch. 961], the court may apply this section or s. 939.62, but not both. State v. Ray,
166 Wis. 2d 855,
481 N.W.2d 288 (Ct. App. 1992).
961.48 Annotation
In sentencing a defendant when the maximum sentence is doubled under this section, the court considers the same factors it considers in all sentencing, including prior convictions. State v. Canadeo,
168 Wis. 2d 559,
484 N.W.2d 340 (Ct. App. 1992).
961.48 Annotation
Sentencing under this section was improper when the defendant did not admit a prior conviction and the state did not offer proof of one. State v. Coolidge,
173 Wis. 2d 783,
496 N.W.2d 701 (Ct. App. 1993).
961.48 Annotation
Sub. (4) sets forth a limitation on the 2nd or subsequent offense; the previous offense may be any conviction under ch. 161 [now ch. 961]. State v. Robertson,
174 Wis. 2d 36,
496 N.W.2d 221 (Ct. App. 1993).
961.48 Annotation
This section is self-executing; a prosecutor may not prevent the imposition of the sentences under this section by not charging the defendant as a repeater. State v. Young,
180 Wis. 2d 700,
511 N.W.2d 309 (Ct. App. 1993).
961.48 Annotation
Conviction under this section for a second or subsequent offense does not require proof of the prior offense at trial beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Miles,
221 Wis. 2d 56,
584 N.W.2d 703 (Ct. App. 1998),
97-1364.
961.48 Annotation
A conviction for possessing drug paraphernalia under s. 961.573 qualifies as a prior offense under sub. (3). State v. Moline,
229 Wis. 2d 38,
598 N.W.2d 929 (Ct. App. 1999),
98-2176.
961.48 Annotation
A defendant convicted of a second or subsequent controlled substance offense is subject to the penalty enhancements provided for in both ss. 939.62 and 961.48 (2) if the application of each enhancer is based on a separate and distinct prior conviction or convictions. State v. Maxey, 2003 WI App 94,
264 Wis. 2d 878,
663 N.W.2d 811,
02-1171.
961.49
961.49
Offenses involving intent to deliver or distribute a controlled substance on or near certain places. 961.49(1m)(1m) If any person violates
s. 961.41 (1) (cm),
(d),
(e),
(f),
(g) or
(h) by delivering or distributing, or violates
s. 961.41 (1m) (cm),
(d),
(e),
(f),
(g) or
(h) by possessing with intent to deliver or distribute, cocaine, cocaine base, heroin, phencyclidine, lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocin, psilocybin, amphetamine, methamphetamine, methcathinone or any form of tetrahydrocannabinols or a controlled substance analog of any of these substances and the delivery, distribution or possession takes place under any of the following circumstances, the maximum term of imprisonment prescribed by law for that crime may be increased by 5 years:
961.49(1m)(a)
(a) While the person is in or on the premises of a scattered-site public housing project.
961.49(1m)(b)
(b) While the person is in or on or otherwise within 1,000 feet of any of the following:
