766.605 Annotation
The statutory definitions of homestead in ss. 71.52 (3), 706.01 (7), and 990.01 (13) (a) control the meaning of homestead in this section and, accordingly, required a conclusion that the property in this case became a homestead when there was a dwelling on it, occupied by the parties, which occurred after the determination date: the couple's wedding. As such, the homestead was “held exclusively" between them, as spouses, “when acquired" and was survivorship marital property under this section. Droukas v. Estate of Felhofer,
2014 WI App 6,
352 Wis. 2d 380,
843 N.W.2d 57,
13-0147.
766.605 Annotation
A warranty deed to 2 grantees as “single persons" did not express an intent to classify the property as something other than survivorship marital property when the grantees subsequently married. The use of the phrase “single persons" simply described a fact: that at the time they purchased the vacant lot, the grantees were not married. “Single persons" does not represent a classification of property ownership of any kind, to wit, tenancy in common, joint tenancy, marital property, or any other recognized classification. Droukas v. Estate of Felhofer,
2014 WI App 6,
352 Wis. 2d 380,
843 N.W.2d 57,
13-0147.
766.61
766.61
Classification of life insurance policies and proceeds. 766.61(1)(a)
(a) “Owner" means a person appearing on the records of the policy issuer as the person having the ownership interest, or means the insured if no person other than the insured appears on those records as a person having that interest. In the case of group insurance, the term means the holder of each individual certificate of coverage under the group plan and does not include the person who contracted with the policy issuer on behalf of the group, regardless of whether that person is listed as the owner on the contract.
766.61(1)(b)
(b) Except as provided in
sub. (3) (e), “ownership interest" means the rights of an owner under a policy.
766.61(1)(c)
(c) “Policy" means an insurance policy insuring the life of a spouse and providing for payment of death benefits at the spouse's death and, for purposes of
sub. (3) (e), the term includes an insurance policy insuring the life of any individual and providing for payment of death benefits at the death of the insured. This paragraph does not apply to
sub. (2).
766.61(1)(d)
(d) “Proceeds" means the death benefit from a policy and all other economic benefits from it, whether they accrue or become payable as a result of the death of an insured person or upon the occurrence or nonoccurrence of another event.
766.61(2)(a)2.
2. “Notice of claim" means a written notice, by or on behalf of a spouse, former spouse, surviving spouse or a person claiming under a deceased spouse's disposition at death, that the person claims to be entitled to proceeds, payments or an interest in the policy.
766.61(2)(a)3.
3. “Policy" means an insurance policy insuring the life of a spouse or a life insurance policy of which a spouse is the owner.
766.61(2)(b)1.
1. A policy issuer may rely on and act in accordance with the issuer's policy and records. If a policy issuer makes payments or takes actions in accordance with the policy and the issuer's records, the issuer is not liable because of those payments or actions.
766.61(2)(b)2.
2. The classification of a policy or a portion of a policy as marital property has no effect on the policy issuer's duty to perform under the issuer's contract when making payment or taking action in accordance with the policy and the issuer's records.
766.61(2)(c)1.1. If at least 5 business days before making payment or taking action in accordance with the issuer's policy and records, a policy issuer has received at its home office a notice of claim, the issuer shall notify the party directing the payment or action of the receipt of the notice of claim and shall not take any action on the policy for 14 business days.
766.61(2)(c)2.
2. If within 14 business days after receiving the notice of claim the issuer receives at its home office, as purporting to support the notice of claim, a decree, marital property agreement, written directive signed by the beneficiary and surviving spouse, consent under
sub. (3) (e) or proof that a legal action has been filed, including a copy of an election filed pursuant to
s. 861.08 (1), to secure an interest as evidenced in such a document, the issuer shall make payment or take action on the policy after the issuer receives from a court or from the claimant and the person directing action or payment written documentation indicating that the dispute has been resolved.
766.61(2)(c)3.
3. If documentation purporting to support the claim is not submitted as described under
subd. 2., the policy issuer shall take action or make payment as if the notice of claim had not been received.
766.61(2)(d)
(d) A policy issuer is not liable to any person for any claim for damages as a result of the issuer's suspension of policy action or the taking of any action pursuant to this subsection. A policy issuer shall pay interest which accrues during the suspension of any action under this subsection.
766.61(2m)(a)(a) In determining the marital property component of the ownership interest and proceeds of a policy under
sub. (3), the date on which a policy becomes effective is the date of original issuance or coverage of the policy, whichever is earlier, if the policy is thereafter kept in force merely by continuing premium payments, without any further underwriting by the issuer. If additional underwriting is required after original issuance of the policy or if the amount of proceeds increases after original issuance as a result of unscheduled additional premiums paid by the policyholder, the effective date of the policy is the date on which the newly underwritten right to proceeds or the right to increased proceeds begins.
766.61(2m)(b)
(b) In determining the marital property component of the ownership interest and proceeds of a group policy sponsored by an employer or association under
sub. (3), the date on which the policy becomes effective is the date on which individual coverage begins, notwithstanding that the employer or association thereafter changes policy issuers or that the amount of coverage changes under the policy pursuant to the plan or benefit offered by the employer or association. If additional underwriting is required after original issuance of the policy, or if the coverage is provided by a different employer or association, the effective date of the policy is the date on which the newly underwritten or newly provided coverage begins.
766.61(3)(a)1.1. Except as provided in
subd. 2., the ownership interest and proceeds of a policy issued after the determination date which designates the insured as the owner are marital property, regardless of the classification of property used to pay premiums on the policy.
766.61(3)(a)2.
2. If after the issuance of a policy described under
subd. 1. the insured or his or her spouse are at any time not domiciled in this state, the ownership interest and proceeds of the policy are mixed property. The marital property component of the ownership interest and proceeds is the amount which results from multiplying the entire ownership interest and proceeds by a fraction, the numerator of which is the period during marriage that the policy was in effect and the denominator of which is the entire period that the policy was in effect.
766.61(3)(b)
(b) The ownership interest and proceeds of a policy issued before the determination date which designates the insured as the owner are mixed property if a premium on the policy is paid from marital property after the determination date, regardless of the classification of property used to pay premiums on that policy after the initial payment of a premium on it from marital property. The marital property component of the ownership interest and proceeds is the amount which results from multiplying the entire ownership interest and proceeds by a fraction, the numerator of which is the period during marriage that the policy was in effect after the date on which a premium was paid from marital property and the denominator of which is the entire period that the policy was in effect.
766.61(3)(c)1.1. Except as provided in
subd. 2., the ownership interest and proceeds of a policy which designates the spouse of the insured as the owner are individual property of its owner, regardless of the classification of property used to pay premiums on the policy.
766.61(3)(c)2.
2. If after the issuance of a policy described under
subd. 1. the insured or his or her spouse are at any time not domiciled in this state, the ownership interest and proceeds of the policy are individual property and property that is other than individual or marital property. The individual property component of the ownership interest and proceeds is the amount which results from multiplying the entire ownership interest and proceeds by a fraction, the numerator of which is the entire period during which the policy was in effect less that period during which the insured or his or her spouse were at any time not domiciled in this state and the denominator of which is the entire period that the policy was in effect.
766.61(3)(d)
(d) This chapter does not affect the ownership interest and proceeds of a policy that designates a person other than either spouse as the owner, if no premium on the policy is paid from marital property after the determination date. If a premium on the policy is paid from marital property after the determination date, the ownership interest and proceeds of the policy are in part property of the designated owner of the policy and in part marital property of the spouses, regardless of the classification of property used to pay premiums on that policy after the initial payment of a premium on it from marital property. The marital property component of the ownership interest and proceeds is the amount which results from multiplying the entire ownership interest and proceeds by a fraction, the numerator of which is the period during marriage that the policy was in effect after the date on which a premium was paid from marital property and the denominator of which is the entire period that the policy was in effect.
766.61(3)(e)
(e) A written consent in which a spouse consents to the designation of another person as the beneficiary of the proceeds of a policy or consents to the use of property to pay premiums on a policy is effective, to the extent that the written consent provides, to relinquish or reclassify all or a portion of that spouse's interest in property used to pay premiums on the policy or in the ownership interest or proceeds of the policy without regard to the classification of property used by a spouse or another person to pay premiums on that policy. Unless the written consent expressly provides otherwise, a written consent under this paragraph is revocable in writing and is effective only with respect to the beneficiary named in it. Unless the written consent expressly provides otherwise, a revocation of a written consent is effective no earlier than the date on which it is signed by the revoking spouse and does not operate to reclassify any property which was reclassified or in which the revoking spouse relinquished an interest from the date of the consent to the date of revocation. In this paragraph, “ownership interest" includes the interests of a spouse in a policy who is not an owner under the policy.
766.61(3)(f)
(f) Designation of a trust as the beneficiary of the proceeds of a policy with a marital property component does not by itself reclassify that component.
766.61(4)
(4) This section does not affect a creditor's interest in the ownership interest or proceeds of a policy assigned to the creditor as security or payable to the creditor.
766.61(5)
(5) The interest of a person as owner or beneficiary of a policy acquired under a decree or property settlement agreement incident to a prior marriage or to parenthood is not marital property, regardless of the classification of property used to pay premiums on that policy.
766.61(6)
(6) This section does not affect the ownership interest or proceeds of a policy if neither spouse is designated as an owner in the policy or the policy issuer's records and no marital property is used to pay a premium on the policy.
766.61(7)
(7) Except as provided in
s. 854.14 (3m) (b) 2., if a noninsured spouse predeceases an insured spouse, the decedent spouse's marital property interest in a policy that designates the surviving spouse as the owner and insured is limited to a dollar amount equal to one-half of the marital property interest in the interpolated terminal reserve and in the unused portion of the term premium of the policy on the decedent spouse's date of death. All other rights of the decedent spouse in the ownership interest or proceeds of the policy, other than the marital property interest described in this subsection, terminate at the decedent spouse's death.
766.61(8)
(8) This section does not apply to a policy held by a deferred employment benefit plan. Classification of a deferred employment benefit, regardless of the nature of the assets held by the deferred employment benefit plan, is determined under
s. 766.62.
766.62
766.62
Classification of deferred employment benefits. 766.62(1)(a)(a) Except as provided in
par. (b), a deferred employment benefit attributable to employment of a spouse occurring after the determination date is marital property.
766.62(1)(b)
(b) A deferred employment benefit attributable to employment of a spouse occurring after the determination date is mixed property if, after the determination date and during the period of employment giving rise to the benefit, the employed spouse or his or her spouse are at any time not domiciled in this state. The marital property component of that mixed property is the amount which results from multiplying the entire benefit by a fraction, the numerator of which is the period of employment giving rise to the benefit that occurred after the determination date and during marriage and the denominator of which is the total period of employment giving rise to the benefit.
766.62(2)
(2) A deferred employment benefit attributable to employment of a spouse occurring partly before and partly after the determination date is mixed property. The marital property component of that mixed property is the amount which results from multiplying the entire benefit by a fraction, the numerator of which is the period of employment giving rise to the benefit that occurred after the determination date and during marriage and the denominator of which is the total period of employment giving rise to the benefit.
766.62(2m)
(2m) Unless provided otherwise in a decree or marital property agreement, a mixed property deferred employment benefit shall be valued as of a dissolution or an employee spouse's death.
766.62(3)
(3) Ownership or disposition provisions of a deferred employment benefit plan which conflict with
sub. (1) or
(2) are ineffective between spouses or former spouses or between a surviving spouse and a person claiming under a deceased spouse's disposition at death.
766.62(4)(a)(a) If a deferred employment benefit plan administrator makes payments or takes actions in accordance with the plan and the administrator's records, the administrator is not liable because of those payments or actions.
766.62(4)(b)
(b) If a deferred employment benefit plan administrator has reason to believe that a dispute exists as to the rights of parties, or their successors, to a deferred employment benefit, the deferred employment benefit plan administrator may do any of the following:
766.62(4)(b)1.
1. Deposit the benefit funds with a court having jurisdiction of the proceedings. The court shall hold the funds and, upon determination of the owner, shall order disbursement in accordance with the determination. Property deposited with the court discharges the deferred employment benefit plan administrator from all claims for the benefit funds.
766.62(4)(b)2.
2. Refuse to transfer any funds from the plan to any person until the administrator receives from a court written documentation that the dispute has been resolved.
766.62(4)(c)
(c) The protection afforded a deferred employment benefit plan administrator under this subsection does not affect the rights of parties or their successors in disputes concerning the beneficial ownership of deferred employment benefits.
766.62(5)
(5) Except as provided in
s. 854.14 (3m) (c), if the nonemployee spouse predeceases the employee spouse, the marital property interest of the nonemployee spouse in all of the following terminates at the death of the nonemployee spouse:
766.62(5)(b)
(b) Assets in an individual retirement account that are traceable to the rollover of a deferred employment benefit plan.
766.62 Annotation
The termination under sub. (5) of a marital property interest in pension benefits did not prevent the application of the equitable principal that a murderer should not profit from the crime. The trial court acted properly in imposing a constructive trust on the decedent's marital property interest in the murderer's pension benefits. Estate of Hackl v. Hackl,
231 Wis. 2d 43,
604 N.W.2d 579 (Ct. App. 1999),
99-0499.
766.63(1)(1) Except as provided otherwise in
ss. 766.61 and
766.62, mixing marital property with property other than marital property reclassifies the other property to marital property unless the component of the mixed property which is not marital property can be traced.
766.63(2)
(2) Application by one spouse of substantial labor, effort, inventiveness, physical or intellectual skill, creativity or managerial activity to either spouse's property other than marital property creates marital property attributable to that application if both of the following apply:
766.63(2)(a)
(a) Reasonable compensation is not received for the application.
766.63(2)(b)
(b) Substantial appreciation of the property results from the application.
766.63 Annotation
Marital property presumptions and tracing principals are applied. In Matter of Estate of Lloyd,
170 Wis. 2d 240,
487 N.W.2d 644 (Ct. App. 1992).
766.63 Annotation
If tracing of the marital component of a mixed asset is established under sub. (1) reclassification does not occur. Instead, a claim for reimbursement exists in favor of the marital estate measured by the enhanced value of the asset, not the marital amounts expended. Estate of Kobylski,
178 Wis. 2d 158,
503 N.W.2d 369 (Ct. App. 1993).
766.63 Annotation
Under sub. (2) a party who applies substantial uncompensated labor to property may not recover if there is no resulting substantial appreciation. Estate of Kobylski,
178 Wis. 2d 158,
503 N.W.2d 369 (Ct. App. 1993).
766.63 Annotation
Expenditures that result in the mere maintenance of property, including the payment of property taxes, do not result in marital property being created through mixing. Krueger v. Rodenberg,
190 Wis. 2d 367,
527 N.W.2d 381 (Ct. App. 1994).
766.63 Annotation
If a nonmarital asset is mixed with marital property, tracing the nonmarital property to its nonmarital source preserves the traced component's nonmarital status. There is no requirement that the party tracing the nonmarital component also trace the mixing of the marital component. That the marital property was used to satisfy a nonmarital debt against the property does not change the nonmarital character of the traceable property. Bille v. Zuraff,
198 Wis. 2d 867,
543 N.W.2d 568 (Ct. App. 1995),
95-0007.
766.63 Annotation
What Part of Yours is Mine?: The Creation of a Marital Property Ownership Interest by Improving Nonmarital Property Under Wisconsin's Marital Property Law. Knauss. 2005 WLR 855.
766.70(1)(1) A spouse has a claim against the other spouse for breach of the duty of good faith imposed by
s. 766.15 resulting in damage to the claimant spouse's property. Except as otherwise provided in
sub. (6), no spouse may commence an action under this subsection later than 6 years after acquiring actual knowledge of the facts giving rise to the claim.
766.70(2)
(2) Upon request of a spouse, a court may order an accounting of the spouses' property and obligations and may determine rights of ownership in, beneficial enjoyment of or access to marital property and the classification of all property of the spouses.
766.70(3)
(3) Upon request of a spouse, a court may order the name of the spouse added to marital property or to a document evidencing ownership of marital property held in the name of the other spouse alone except with respect to any of the following:
766.70(3)(a)
(a) An interest in a partnership or joint venture held by the other spouse as a general partner or as a participant.
766.70(3)(aL)
(aL) An interest in a limited liability company held by the other spouse as a member.
766.70(3)(b)
(b) An interest in a professional corporation, professional association or similar entity held by the other spouse as a stockholder or member.
766.70(3)(c)
(c) An asset of an unincorporated business if the other spouse is the only one of the spouses involved in operating or managing the business.
766.70(3)(d)
(d) A corporation, the stock of which is not publicly traded. Under this paragraph, stock of a corporation is publicly traded if both of the following apply:
766.70(3)(d)1.
1. The stock is traded on a national stock exchange or quoted on the national association of securities dealers automated quotations system.
766.70(3)(d)2.
2. The employees, officers and directors of the corporation own, in the aggregate, less than 10 percent in value of the outstanding shares of the stock in the corporation.
766.70(3)(e)
(e) Any other property if the addition would adversely affect the rights of a 3rd person.
766.70(4)(a)(a) If marital property has been or is likely to be substantially injured by the other spouse's gross mismanagement, waste or absence, upon request of a spouse a court may order any of the following:
