428.104(2)(b)
(b) The actual damages, including any incidental and consequential damages, sustained by the customer by reason of the violation.
428.104 History
History: 1973 c. 18;
2013 a. 66.
428.105
428.105
Pleadings. A complaint by a creditor to enforce a cause of action shall set forth specifically the facts constituting the alleged default of the customer, the amount to which the creditor is allegedly entitled and a summary of the figures necessary for computation of such amount, and shall be accompanied by an accurate copy of the writing evidencing the transaction.
428.105 History
History: 1973 c. 18.
428.105 Annotation
The requirements that a creditor attach an accurate copy of the writing evidencing a transaction with the complaint is a pleading requirement. The appropriate remedy for a creditor's failure to comply with this procedural requirement is dismissal of the creditor's action. Beal v. Wyndham Vacation Resorts, Inc.
956 F. Supp. 2d 962 (2013).
428.106(1)(1)
Violations of this subchapter may be enforced by a customer subject to this section and ss.
425.308 to
425.311.
428.106(2)
(2) With respect to a loan subject to this subchapter, if the court as a matter of law finds that any aspect of the transaction, any conduct directed against the customer, by the creditor, or any result of the transaction is unconscionable, the court shall, in addition to the remedies and penalties set forth in this subchapter, and a penalty not to exceed that specified in s.
428.103 (2), refuse to enforce the unconscionable aspect of the transaction or so limit the application of any unconscionable aspect or conduct to avoid any unconscionable result.
428.106(3)
(3) Notwithstanding other provisions of this subchapter, a customer shall not be entitled to recover the specific penalties provided in ss.
428.103 (2) (a) and
428.104 (2) (a) if the person violating this subchapter shows by a preponderance of the evidence that the violation was not intentional and resulted from a bona fide error notwithstanding the maintenance of procedures reasonably adapted to avoid such error.
428.106(4)
(4) Any action brought by a customer to enforce rights under sub.
(1) shall be commenced within one year after the date of the last violation of this subchapter, 2 years after consummation of the agreement or one year after the last payment, whichever is later. But in no event shall an action be commenced more than 6 years after the date of the last violation.
428.106(5)
(5) The administrator specified in s.
426.103, solely through the department of justice, may on behalf of any customer institute an action to enforce this subchapter and to recover the damages and penalties provided for this subchapter. In such action the administrator may obtain an order restraining by temporary or permanent injunctions any violation of this subchapter. This subsection shall not be construed to incorporate or grant to the administrator with respect to the enforcement of this subchapter, any of the provisions of ch.
426.
RESPONSIBLE HIGH COST MORTGAGE LENDING
Subch. II of ch. 428 Cross-reference
Cross-reference: See also ch.
DFI-Bkg 46, Wis. adm. code.
428.202
428.202
Definitions. In this subchapter:
428.202(1)
(1) “Bridge loan" means a loan with a maturity of less than 18 months which requires only payments of interest until the time that the unpaid balance is due.
428.202(2)
(2) “Covered loan" means a consumer credit mortgage loan transaction other than an open-end credit plan or reverse mortgage in which all of the following apply:
428.202(2)(b)
(b) The debt is incurred by the customer primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.
428.202(2)(c)
(c) The loan is secured by a mortgage on, or an equivalent security interest in, residential real property, and the residential real property is or will be occupied by the customer as the customer's principal dwelling.
428.202(2)(d)
(d) The terms of the loan provide any of the following:
428.202(2)(d)1.
1. That the loan transaction, at the time that the loan is consummated, is considered a mortgage under
15 USC 1602 (aa) and regulations adopted thereunder, including
12 CFR 226.32.
428.202(2)(d)2.
2. That total points and fees payable by the customer at or before the loan closing exceed 6 percent of the total loan amount. For purposes of this subdivision, “total points and fees" does not include reasonable fees paid to affiliates or nonaffiliates of the lender for bona fide services listed in
12 CFR 226.4 (c) (7).
428.202(3)
(3) “Customer" means an individual to whom a covered loan is offered or made. “Customer" does not include a surety, guarantor, cosigner, or endorser.
428.202(4)
(4) “Department" means the department of financial institutions.
428.202(5)
(5) “Lender" means any person who originates a covered loan and to whom the covered loan is initially payable, except that “lender" does not include an assignee of a covered loan or any person who, for at least 12 consecutive months, has failed to originate any covered loans.
428.202 History
History: 2003 a. 257;
2009 a. 2.
428.203
428.203
Prohibitions on and requirements of lenders and assignees. 428.203(1)(1)
Balloon payments. Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, no lender may make a covered loan to a customer that requires, or that permits the lender to require, a payment that is more than twice as large as the average of all earlier scheduled payments. This subsection does not apply to a loan under which the payment schedule is adjusted to account for seasonal or irregular income of the customer or to a bridge loan with a maturity of less than one year that the customer obtains for the purpose of facilitating the acquisition or construction of a dwelling as the customer's principal dwelling.
428.203(2)
(2) Call provision. No lender may make a covered loan to a customer that permits the lender or an assignee of the loan to demand payment of the outstanding balance before the original maturity date, except that a covered loan may permit a lender or assignee to so demand as a result of any of the following:
428.203(2)(a)
(a) The customer's failure to make payments required under the loan.
428.203(2)(b)
(b) A provision in the loan agreement permitting the lender or assignee to make such a demand after the sale of real property that is pledged as security for the loan.
428.203(2)(c)
(c) Fraud or material misrepresentation by the customer in connection with the loan.
428.203(2)(d)
(d) Any act or omission by the customer that adversely affects the lender's or assignee's security for the loan or any right of the lender or assignee in such security.
428.203(3)
(3) Negative amortization. No lender may make a covered loan to a customer with a payment schedule that causes the principal balance to increase, except that this subsection does not prohibit such a payment schedule as a result of a temporary forbearance or loan restructuring consented to by the customer.
428.203(4)
(4) Increased interest rate. No lender may make a covered loan to a customer that imposes or permits the lender or an assignee of the loan to impose an increase in the interest rate as a result of the customer's default.
428.203(5)
(5) Advance payments. No lender may make a covered loan to a customer that includes a payment schedule that consolidates more than 2 scheduled payments and pays them in advance out of the proceeds of the loan.
428.203(6)
(6) Repayment ability. No lender may make covered loans to customers based on the customer's collateral without regard to the customer's ability to repay, including the customer's current or expected income, current obligations, and employment. A lender is presumed to have violated this subsection if the lender engages in a pattern or practice of making covered loans without verifying and documenting the customer's repayment ability.
428.203(7)
(7) Refinancing of existing covered loan. No lender may make a covered loan that refinances an existing covered loan that the lender made to the same customer, unless the refinancing takes place at least one year after the date on which the loan being refinanced was made or the refinancing is in the interest of the customer. No assignee or servicer of a covered loan may make a covered loan that refinances the covered loan, unless the refinancing takes place at least one year after the date on which the loan being refinanced was made or the refinancing is in the interest of the customer. No lender, assignee of a covered loan, or servicer may engage in a pattern or practice of arranging for the refinancing of covered loans by affiliates or unaffiliated creditors, modifying covered loans, or any other acts for the purpose of evading this subsection. This subsection does not apply to bridge loans.
428.203(8)
(8) Payments to home improvement contractors. No lender under a covered loan made to a customer may pay proceeds of the loan to a person who is under contract to make improvements to an existing dwelling, unless the payment is made by an instrument that is payable to the customer or jointly to the customer and the person who is under contract or, with the consent of the customer, the payment is made through a 3rd party in accordance with a written agreement signed by the customer, the lender, and the person under contract.
428.203(8g)
(8g) Single premium credit insurance products. A lender may not finance, directly or indirectly, through a covered loan, or finance to the same customer within 30 days of making a covered loan, any individual or group credit life, credit accident and health, credit disability, or credit unemployment insurance product on a prepaid single premium basis sold in conjunction with a covered loan. This prohibition does not include contracts issued by a government agency or private mortgage insurance company to insure the lender against loss caused by a customer's default and does not apply to individual or group credit life, credit accident and health, credit disability, or credit unemployment insurance premium calculated and paid on a monthly or other periodic basis.
428.203(8m)
(8m) Refinancing of subsidized low-rate loans. 428.203(8m)(a)(a) In this subsection, “subsidized low-rate loan" means a loan that carries a current interest rate at least 2 percentage points below the then current yield on treasury securities with a comparable maturity. If the loan's current interest rate is either a discounted introductory rate or a rate that automatically steps up over time, the fully indexed rate or the fully stepped-up rate, as applicable, shall be used instead of the current rate to determine whether a loan is a subsidized low-rate loan.
428.203(8m)(b)
(b) A lender may not knowingly replace or consolidate a zero-interest rate or other subsidized low-rate loan made by a governmental or nonprofit lender with a covered loan within the first 10 years of the zero-interest rate or other subsidized low-rate loan unless the current holder of the loan consents in writing to the refinancing.
428.203(9)
(9) Unlicensed mortgage bankers and brokers. No lender may knowingly contract with any person for the performance of duties in violation of s.
224.72 (1m).
428.203 History
History: 2003 a. 257;
2009 a. 2.
428.204
428.204
False statements. No lender, licensed lender, mortgage loan originator, mortgage banker, or mortgage broker may knowingly make, propose, or solicit fraudulent, false, or misleading statements on any document relating to a covered loan.
428.204 History
History: 2003 a. 257;
2009 a. 2.
428.206
428.206
Recommending default. No lender, licensed lender, mortgage loan originator, mortgage banker, or mortgage broker may recommend or encourage an individual to default on an existing loan or other obligation before and in connection with the making of a covered loan that refinances all or any portion of that existing loan or obligation.
428.206 History
History: 2003 a. 257;
2009 a. 2.
428.206 Cross-reference
Cross-reference: See also ch.
DFI-Bkg 46, Wis. adm. code.
428.207(1)(1)
A customer may prepay a covered loan at any time without penalty if the payment is made in the context of a refinancing of the covered loan and if the covered loan is held by the refinancing lender. This subsection does not prohibit the servicer of a covered loan from imposing a prepayment penalty, unless the servicer is also the lender and holds the loan at the time of the refinancing.
428.207(2)
(2) Any prepayment penalty under this section is subject to all of the following limitations:
428.207(2)(a)
(a) A prepayment penalty is permitted only during the 36 months immediately following the date of consummation of a covered loan.
428.207(2)(b)
(b) A lender may not include a prepayment penalty in a covered loan unless the lender offers the customer the option of choosing a loan product without a prepayment penalty. The terms of the offer shall be in writing and initialed by the customer. The offer shall be in a clear and conspicuous format and include the following disclosure:
LOAN PRODUCT CHOICE DISCLOSURE
I was provided with an offer to accept a product both with and without a prepayment penalty provision. I have chosen to accept the product with a prepayment penalty.
428.207(2)(c)
(c) A prepayment penalty may not exceed 60 days' interest at the contract rate on the amount prepaid on fixed-rate covered loans over $25,000 if the borrower prepays more than 20 percent of the original loan amount within 36 months immediately following the date of consummation of the covered loan.
428.207(2)(d)
(d) A prepayment penalty may not be collected on fixed-rate covered loans of $25,000 or less, on adjustable rate loans, or on those fixed-rate covered loans over $25,000 not specified in par.
(c).
428.207 History
History: 2003 a. 257.
428.208
428.208
Disclosure to customers. At least 3 business days before making a covered loan to a customer, a lender shall ensure that the customer has been given the following notice, in writing and in a clear and conspicuous format:
DISCLOSURE TO BORROWER
A. If you obtain this loan, the lender will have a mortgage on your home. You could lose your home and any money that you have put into it if you do not meet your obligations under this loan. Mortgage loan rates and closing costs and fees vary based on many factors, including your particular credit and financial circumstances, your earnings history, your employment status, the loan-to-value ratio of the requested loan, and the type of property that will secure your loan. The loan rate and fees could also vary based on which lender you select.
B. As a consumer you should shop around and compare loan rates and fees. You should also consider consulting a qualified independent credit counselor or other experienced financial adviser regarding the rate, fees, and provisions of this mortgage loan before you proceed.
C. You are not required to complete this loan agreement merely because you have received these disclosures or have signed a loan application. If you proceed with this mortgage loan, you should also remember that you may face serious financial risks if you use this loan to pay off credit card debts or other debts in connection with this transaction and then subsequently incur significant new debt. If you continue to accumulate debt after this loan is made and then experience financial difficulties, you could lose your home and any equity that you have in it if you do not meet your mortgage loan obligations.
D. Property taxes and homeowner's insurance are your responsibility. Some lenders may require you to escrow money for these payments. However, not all lenders provide escrow services for these payments. You should ask your lender about these services.
E. Your payments on existing debts contribute to your credit ratings. You should not accept any advice to ignore your regular payments to your existing creditors.
428.208 History
History: 2003 a. 257.
428.208 Cross-reference
Cross-reference: See also ch.
DFI-Bkg 46, Wis. adm. code.
428.209
428.209
Exclusive state regulation authority. The state shall have sole authority, except as provided under federal law, to regulate any matter governed by this subchapter or by a rule promulgated under this subchapter. No local governmental unit may attempt to regulate, directly or indirectly, any matter governed by this subchapter or by a rule promulgated under this subchapter, including enacting an ordinance or adopting a resolution or imposing reporting requirements.
428.209 History
History: 2003 a. 257.
428.2095
428.2095
Property exempt from debt collection. Except to the extent that the lender has a valid security interest permitted under this subchapter or has a lien under ch.
779 in the property, all of the following personal property of the customer is exempt from levy, execution, sale, and other similar process in satisfaction of a judgment for an obligation arising from a covered loan:
428.2095(1)
(1) Clothing of the customer or his or her dependents.
428.2095(2)
(2) Dining table and chairs, refrigerator, heating stove, cooking stove, radio, beds and bedding, couch and chairs, cooking utensils, and kitchenware.
428.2095(3)
(3) Household goods, as defined in
12 CFR 227.13 (d),
12 CFR 535.1 (g), or
16 CFR 444.1 (i), consisting of furniture, appliances, one television, linens, china, crockery, and personal effects including wedding rings, except works of art, electronic entertainment equipment, antiques, and jewelry, to the extent that a nonpossessory security interest in these household goods is prohibited under
12 CFR 227.13 (d),
12 CFR 535.2 (a) (4), or
16 CFR 444.2 (a) (4).
428.2095 History
History: 2003 a. 257.
428.210
428.210
Administration and penalties. 428.210(1)(1)
Rules. The department may promulgate rules for the administration of this subchapter. The rules shall include guidelines for determining a customer's ability to repay a covered loan based upon the customer's debt-to-income ratio.
428.210(2)(a)
(a) At any time that the department has reason to believe that a person has engaged in or is about to engage in an act that violates this subchapter, the department may investigate. In performing an investigation under this paragraph, the department may administer oaths or affirmations, subpoena witnesses, compel their attendance, adduce evidence, and require the production of any matter, including the existence, description, nature, custody, condition, and location of any books, documents, or other tangible things, and the identity and location of persons having knowledge of relevant facts, or any other matter reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence. The department may access and examine such books, documents, or other tangible things. In any civil action brought on behalf of the department based on evidence obtained in such an investigation, the department may recover the costs of performing the investigation if the department prevails in the action.
