Chapter 895

895.06 895.06 Recovery of divisible personalty. When personal property is divisible and owned by tenants in common and one tenant in common shall claim and hold possession of more than the tenant’s share or proportion thereof his or her cotenant, after making a demand in writing, may sue for and recover the cotenant’s share or the value thereof. The court may direct the jury, if necessary, in any such action to find what specific articles or what share or interest belongs to the respective parties, and the court shall enter up judgment in form for one or both of the parties against the other, according to the verdict.

895.06 History History: 1993 a. 486.

895.065 895.065 Radioactive waste emergencies.

895.065(1) (1) Definitions. In this section:

895.065(1)(a) (a) “Association” means a relationship in which one person controls, is controlled by or is under common control with another person.

895.065(1)(b) (b) “Company” means any partnership, joint-stock company, business trust or organized group of persons, whether incorporated or not, and any person acting as a receiver, trustee or other liquidator of a partnership, joint-stock company, business trust or organized group of persons. “Company” does not include a state or local governmental body.

895.065(1)(c) (c) “Control” means to possess, directly or indirectly, the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a company, whether that power is exercised through one or more intermediary companies, or alone, or in conjunction with, or by an agreement with, any other company, and whether that power is established through a majority or minority ownership or voting of securities, common directors, officers, stockholders, voting trusts, holding trusts, affiliated companies, contract or by any other direct or indirect means. “Control” includes owning, holding or controlling, directly or indirectly, at least 5 percent of the voting power in the election of directors of a company. “Control” has the same meaning as the terms “controlled by” and “under common control with”.

895.065(1)(d) (d) “Emergency provider” means any person who provides emergency care or facilities and includes emergency management.

895.065(1)(e) (e) “Harm” means:

895.065(1)(e)1. 1. Damage to property.

895.065(1)(e)2. 2. Personal physical injury, illness or death, including mental anguish or emotional harm attendant to the personal physical injury, illness or death.

895.065(1)(e)4. 4. Economic loss.

895.065(1)(e)5. 5. Environmental pollution, as defined in s. 299.01 (4).

895.065(1)(e)6. 6. Expenses incurred by an emergency provider in preparing for and responding to a nuclear incident that are not reimbursed under s. 292.11 (7) or that are not paid by another state under a mutual aid agreement or by a gift or grant.

895.065(1)(f) (f) “Nuclear incident” means any sudden or nonsudden release of ionizing radiation, as defined under s. 254.31 (3g), from radioactive waste being stored or disposed of in a waste repository or transported. “Nuclear incident” does not include any release of radiation from radioactive waste being transported under routine operations.

895.065(1)(g) (g) “Person” means any individual or company. “Person” includes the federal government.

895.065(1)(h) (h) “Radioactive waste” means radioactive waste, as defined in s. 293.25 (1) (b), and radioactive defense waste.

895.065(1)(i) (i) “Responsible party” means any person described under sub. (3) (a) 1. a. to d.

895.065(1)(j) (j) “Routine operations” means the operation of transportation equipment in a manner that is not subject to the requirements for immediate notice of incidents under 49 USC 1801 to 1811 or notice of discharge under s. 292.11 (2).

895.065(1)(k) (k) “Waste repository” means any system used or intended to be used to dispose of or store radioactive waste under 42 USC 10101 to 10226, including but not limited to a permanent disposal system, interim storage system, monitored retrievable storage system, defense waste storage system, away-from-reactor storage facility and a test and evaluation facility.

895.065(2) (2) Liability. All responsible parties are strictly liable, jointly and severally, for any harm caused by a nuclear incident.

895.065(3) (3) Rebuttable presumption.

895.065(3)(a) (a) In any action brought under sub. (2) to recover damages for harm claimed to be caused by a nuclear incident, it is presumed that the nuclear incident was a cause of the harm if the plaintiff produces evidence to the court sufficient to enable a reasonable person to find all of the following:

895.065(3)(a)1. 1. The defendant is any of the following:

895.065(3)(a)1.a. a. A person who is in any way responsible for the design, construction, operation or monitoring of the waste repository or transportation equipment from which the radiation was released in the nuclear incident.

895.065(3)(a)1.b. b. A person who owns the waste repository or transportation equipment from which the radiation was released in the nuclear incident.

895.065(3)(a)1.c. c. A person who produces, possesses, controls or owns radioactive waste stored or disposed of in the waste repository or transportation equipment from which the radiation was released in the nuclear incident.

895.065(3)(a)1.d. d. A person who has an association with any person described under subd. 1. a. to c.

895.065(3)(a)2. 2. The harm could reasonably have resulted from the nuclear incident.

895.065(3)(b) (b) A defendant in an action brought under sub. (2) may rebut the presumption under par. (a) by proving that:

895.065(3)(b)1. 1. The defendant is not a responsible party; or

895.065(3)(b)2. 2. The harm claimed to be caused by a nuclear incident could not have reasonably resulted from the nuclear incident.

895.065(4) (4) Court award. In issuing any final order in any action brought under this section in which the plaintiff prevails, the court shall award to the plaintiff the cost of the suit, including reasonable attorney and expert witness fees, and the damages sustained by the plaintiff.

895.065(5) (5) Construction. This section may not be deemed to have any effect upon the liability of any person for any harm caused by any incident which is not a nuclear incident.

895.065 History History: 1985 a. 29; 1989 a. 31; 1989 a. 56 s. 259; 1993 a. 27; 1995 a. 227, 247; 1999 a. 9; 2009 a. 42 ss. 153 to 156; Stats. 2009 s. 895.065.

895.07 895.07 Claims against contractors and suppliers.

895.07(1) (1) Definitions. In this section:

895.07(1)(a) (a) “Action” means a civil action or an arbitration under ch. 788.

895.07(1)(b) (b) “Association” means a homeowner’s association, condominium association under s. 703.02 (1m), unit owner’s association, or a nonprofit corporation created to own and operate portions of a planned community that may assess unit owners for the costs incurred in the performance of the association’s obligations.

895.07(1)(c) (c) “Claim” means a request or demand to remedy a construction defect caused by a contractor or supplier related to the construction or remodeling of a dwelling.

895.07(1)(d) (d) “Claimant” means the owner, tenant, or lessee of a dwelling, or an association, who has standing to sue a contractor or supplier regarding a construction defect.

895.07(1)(e) (e) “Construction defect,” in those cases when the contractor or supplier has provided a warranty to a consumer, means the definition of “defect” in the warranty. In all other cases, “construction defect” means a deficiency in the construction or remodeling of a dwelling that results from any of the following:

895.07(1)(e)1. 1. Defective material.

895.07(1)(e)2. 2. Violation of applicable codes.

895.07(1)(e)3. 3. Failure to follow accepted trade standards for workmanlike construction.

895.07(1)(f) (f) “Consumer” means a person who enters into a written or oral contract with a contractor to construct or remodel a dwelling.

895.07(1)(g) (g) “Contractor” means a person that enters into a written or oral contract with a consumer to construct or remodel a dwelling.

895.07(1)(h) (h) “Dwelling” means any premises or portion of a premises that is used as a home or a place of residence and that part of the lot or site on which the dwelling is situated that is devoted to residential use. “Dwelling” includes other existing structures on the immediate residential premises such as driveways, sidewalks, swimming pools, terraces, patios, fences, porches, garages, and basements.

895.07(1)(i) (i) “Remodel” means to alter or reconstruct a dwelling. “Remodel” does not include maintenance or repair work.

895.07(1)(j) (j) “Serve” or “service” means personal service or delivery by certified mail, return receipt requested, to the last-known address of the addressee.

895.07(1)(k) (k) “Supplier” means a person that manufactures or provides windows or doors for a dwelling.

895.07(1)(L) (L) “Working day” means any day except Saturday, Sunday, and holidays designated in s. 230.35 (4) (a).

895.07(2) (2) Notice and opportunity to repair.

895.07(2)(a) (a) Before commencing an action against a contractor or supplier regarding a construction defect, a claimant shall do all of the following:

895.07(2)(a)1. 1. No later than 90 working days before commencing the action, deliver written notice to the contractor containing a description of the claim in sufficient detail to explain the nature of the alleged defect and a description of the evidence that the claimant knows or possesses, including expert reports, that substantiates the nature and cause of the alleged construction defect.

895.07(2)(a)2. 2. Provide the contractor or supplier with the opportunity to repair or to remedy the alleged construction defect.

895.07(2)(b) (b) Within 15 working days after the claimant serves notice of claim under par. (a), or within 25 working days if the contractor makes a claim for contribution from a supplier under sub. (7) (a), each contractor that has received the notice of claim shall serve on the claimant any of the following:

895.07(2)(b)1. 1. A written offer to repair or remedy the construction defect at no cost to the claimant. The offer shall include a description of any additional construction necessary to remedy the construction defect and a timetable for the completion of the construction.

895.07(2)(b)2. 2. A written offer to settle the claim by monetary payment.

895.07(2)(b)3. 3. A written offer including a combination of repairs and monetary payment.

895.07(2)(b)4. 4. A written statement that the contractor rejects the claim. The contractor shall state in the written response to the claim the reason for rejecting the claim and include a comprehensive description of all evidence the contractor knows or possesses, including expert reports, that substantiates the reason for rejecting the claim. The contractor shall also include in the written response to the claim any settlement offer received from a supplier.

895.07(2)(b)5. 5. A proposal for inspection of the dwelling under par. (c).

895.07(2)(c) (c) If a proposal for inspection is made under par. (b), the claimant shall, within 15 working days of receiving the contractor’s proposal, provide the contractor and any supplier on whom a contribution claim has been made and its agents, experts, and consultants reasonable access to the dwelling to inspect the dwelling, document any alleged construction defects, and perform any testing required to evaluate fully the nature, extent, and cause of the claimed construction defects and the nature and extent of any repairs or replacements that may be necessary to remedy them. If destructive testing is required, the contractor shall deliver the claimant and all persons on whom a notice of claim or contribution claim has been served advance notice of the testing at least 5 working days before commencement of the testing and shall, after completion of the testing, return the dwelling to its pre-testing condition within a reasonable time after completion of the testing, at the contractor’s expense. If any inspection or testing reveals a condition that requires additional testing to allow the contractor to evaluate fully the nature, cause, and extent of the construction defect, the contractor shall deliver notice to the claimant and all persons on whom a notice of claim or contribution claim has been served of the need for the additional testing and the claimant shall provide reasonable access to the dwelling. If a claim is asserted on behalf of the owners of multiple dwellings, then the contractor shall be entitled to inspect each of the dwellings subject to the claim. The claimant shall either provide a specific day for the inspection upon reasonable notice for an inspection or require the contractor to request in writing a date for the inspection, at least 3 working days before the inspection.

895.07(2)(d) (d) Within 10 working days following completion of the inspection and testing under par. (c), the contractor shall serve on the claimant a notice that includes any of the offers or statements under par. (b) 1. to 4.

895.07(2)(e) (e) If the claimant rejects a settlement offer made by the contractor, the claimant shall, within 15 working days after receiving the offer, serve written notice of that rejection to the contractor. The notice shall include the reasons for the claimant’s rejection of the contractor’s offer. If the claimant believes that the settlement offer omits reference to any portion of the claim, or was unreasonable, the claimant’s written notice shall include those items that the claimant believes were omitted and set forth the reasons why the claimant believes the settlement offer is unreasonable. The contractor shall deliver the claimant’s response to a supplier upon whom a contribution claim has been made.

895.07(2)(f) (f) Upon receipt of a claimant’s rejection and the reasons for the rejection, the contractor shall, within 5 working days after receiving the rejection, serve the claimant a written supplemental offer to repair or to remedy the construction defect or serve on the claimant written notice that no additional offer will be made.

895.07(2)(g) (g) If the claimant rejects the supplemental offer made by the contractor under par. (f) to remedy the construction defect or to settle the claim by monetary payment or a combination of each, the claimant shall serve written notice of the claimant’s rejection on the contractor within 15 working days after receipt of the supplemental offer. The notice shall include the reasons for the claimant’s rejection of the contractor’s supplemental settlement offer. If the claimant believes the contractor’s supplemental settlement offer is unreasonable, the claimant shall set forth the reasons why the claimant believes the supplemental settlement offer is unreasonable. If the contractor declines to make a supplemental offer, or if the claimant rejects the supplemental offer, the claimant may bring an action against the contractor for the claim described in the notice of claim without further notice.

895.07(2)(h) (h) If a claimant accepts any offer made under this subsection, and the contractor or supplier does not proceed to repair or remedy the construction defect under the terms of the offer or within the agreed upon timetable, the claimant may bring an action against the contractor or supplier for the claim described in the notice of claim without further notice.

895.07(2)(i) (i) If a claimant accepts a contractor’s offer to repair a construction defect described in a notice of claim, the claimant shall provide the contractor and its agents, experts, and consultants reasonable access to the dwelling to perform and complete the construction by the timetable stated in the settlement offer.

895.07(2)(j) (j) If a claimant receives a written statement that the contractor rejects the claim, or if the contractor does not respond to the claimant’s notice, the claimant may bring an action against the contractor for the claim described in the notice of claim without further notice.

895.07(2)(k) (k) If a claimant commences an action against a supplier and the supplier has not been provided notice of the claim by the contractor and an opportunity to repair or remedy the construction defect described in the claim as provided under to sub. (7), the court or arbitrator shall dismiss without prejudice or stay the action until the claimant serves the supplier with a copy of the notice of claim and provides the supplier an opportunity to repair or remedy the construction defect in the same manner as provided a contractor under this section.

895.07(3) (3) Action; dismissal without prejudice. If the claimant commences an action but fails to comply with the requirements of sub. (2) (a) and the contractor or supplier establishes that the claimant was provided the notice and brochure under s. 101.148 (2), the circuit court or arbitrator shall dismiss the action without prejudice. If the claimant commences an action but fails to comply with the requirements of sub. (2) (a) and the contractor or supplier cannot establish that the notice and brochure was delivered to the claimant under s. 101.148 (2), the circuit court or arbitrator shall stay the action and order the parties to comply with the requirements of sub. (2) (a) and s. 101.148 (2). Before commencing an action against a supplier seeking contribution for a claim that a claimant has served on a contractor, the contractor shall serve the supplier with a notice of contribution claim under sub. (7). If the contractor commences an action against a supplier but fails to serve the notice of contribution claim, the circuit court or arbitrator shall stay the action until the contractor has complied with the requirements of this subsection and sub. (7).

895.07(4) (4) Warranty terms. The claimant and contractor or supplier are bound by any contractor or supplier warranty terms pertaining to products or services supplied for the dwelling.

895.07(5) (5) Additional construction defects and notice and opportunity to repair. A construction defect that is discovered after an initial claim or contribution claim notice has been provided may not be alleged in an action until the claimant or contractor has served the contractor or supplier written notice of the new claim or contribution claim regarding the alleged new construction defect. The contractor or supplier shall have an opportunity to resolve the notice of the new claim or contribution claim in the manner provided in subs. (2) and (7).

895.07(6) (6) Action of contractor or supplier. In any action initiated by a contractor or supplier in which a claimant raises an affirmative defense or counterclaim alleging a construction defect, the claimant is not required to comply with this section.

895.07(7) (7) Contribution.

895.07(7)(a) (a) Before commencing an action seeking contribution from a supplier for a claim that a claimant makes against the contractor, the contractor shall serve the supplier with a written notice of the claimant’s claim and a contribution claim within 5 working days after the contractor’s receipt of the claim, except that a contractor may make a contribution claim later than 5 days after the contractor’s receipt of the initial claim if the contractor has not done any of the following:

895.07(7)(a)1. 1. Taken any action to repair the defect.

895.07(7)(a)2. 2. Performed destructive testing.

895.07(7)(a)3. 3. Authorized the claimant to take any action to repair the defect.

895.07(7)(a)4. 4. Interfered materially with or altered the property that is the subject of the claim.

895.07(7)(a)5. 5. Materially precluded a supplier’s ability to offer to remedy the defect by making repairs.

895.07(7)(b) (b) Before commencing an action against a supplier, a contractor shall provide the supplier with the opportunity to respond to the contribution claim and repair the alleged construction defect under this section. The notice of contribution claim shall state that the contractor asserts a construction defect claim. The notice of contribution claim shall describe the contribution claim in sufficient detail to explain the nature of the alleged construction defect and shall offer the opportunity to correct the construction defect. The contractor shall include in the notice of claim a description of the alleged construction defect and include a comprehensive description of all evidence that the contractor knows or possesses, including expert reports, that substantiates the nature and cause of the alleged construction defect.

895.07(7)(c) (c) Within 15 working days after a supplier has received notice that a contractor is seeking contribution under par. (a), the supplier shall serve the contractor with any of the following:

895.07(7)(c)1. 1. A written offer to remedy fully or partially the construction defect at no cost to the claimant. The offer shall include a description of any additional construction necessary to remedy the construction defect and a timetable for the completion of the construction.

895.07(7)(c)2. 2. A written offer to settle the claim by monetary payment.

895.07(7)(c)3. 3. A written offer including a combination of repairs and monetary payment.

895.07(7)(c)4. 4. A written statement that the supplier rejects the claim. The supplier shall state in the written response to the claim the reason for rejecting the claim and include a comprehensive description of all evidence the supplier knows or possesses, including expert reports, that substantiates the reason for rejecting the claim.

895.07(7)(c)5. 5. A proposal for the inspection of the dwelling, following the procedures under par. (e).