895.441(4)(4) Calculation of statute of limitations. An action under this section is subject to s. 893.585. 895.441(5)(5) Silence agreements. Any provision in a contract or agreement relating to the settlement of any claim by a patient against a therapist that limits or eliminates the right of the patient to disclose sexual contact by the therapist to a subsequent therapist, the department of safety and professional services, the department of health services, the injured patients and families compensation fund peer review council, or a district attorney is void. 895.441 AnnotationUnder sub. (2), consent is not an issue, and, as such, an instruction regarding the victim’s contributory negligence was improper. Block v. Gomez, 201 Wis. 2d 795, 549 N.W.2d 783 (Ct. App. 1996), 94-1085. 895.442895.442 Sexual exploitation by a member of the clergy; action for. 895.442(1)(b)(b) “Religious organization” means an association, conference, congregation, convention, committee, or other entity that is organized and operated for a religious purpose and that is exempt from federal income tax under 26 USC 501 (c) (3) or (d) and any subunit of such an association, conference, congregation, convention, committee, or entity that is organized and operated for a religious purpose. 895.442(2)(a)(a) Any person who suffers an injury as a result of sexual contact with a member of the clergy that occurs while the person is under the age of 18 may bring an action against the member of the clergy for all damages caused by that sexual contact. 895.442(2)(b)(b) Any person who may bring an action under par. (a) may bring an action against the religious organization that employed the member of the clergy for all damages caused by that sexual contact if, at the time that the sexual contact occurred, another employee of that religious organization whose duties included supervising that member of the clergy knew or should have known that the member of the clergy previously had sexual contact with a person under the age of 18 and failed to do all of the following: 895.442(2)(b)2.2. Exercise ordinary care to prevent similar incidents from occurring. 895.442(2)(c)(c) Notwithstanding ss. 801.09 (1), 801.095, 802.04 (1), and 815.05 (1g) (a), in an action brought under this section, the plaintiff may substitute his or her initials, or fictitious initials, and his or her age and county of residence for his or her name and address on the summons and complaint. The plaintiff’s attorney shall supply the court the name and other necessary identifying information of the plaintiff. The court shall maintain the name and other identifying information, and supply the information to other parties to the action, in a manner that reasonably protects the information from being disclosed to the public. 895.442(2)(d)(d) Upon motion by the plaintiff, and for good cause shown, or upon its own motion, the court may make any order that justice requires to protect any of the following: 895.442(2)(d)1.1. A plaintiff who is using initials in an action under this section from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden that would arise if any information identifying the plaintiff were made public. 895.442(2)(d)2.2. A plaintiff in an action under this section from unreasonably long, repetitive, or burdensome physical or mental examinations. 895.442(2)(d)3.3. The confidentiality of information which under law is confidential, until the information is provided in open court in an action under this section. 895.442(3)(3) Consent. Consent is not an issue in an action under this section. 895.442(4)(4) Calculation of statute of limitations. An action under this section is subject to s. 893.587. 895.442(5)(5) Silence agreements. Any contract or agreement concerning the settlement of any claim under this section that limits or eliminates the right of the injured person to disclose the sexual contact described under sub. (2) to another member of the religious organization to which the member of the clergy under sub. (2) belongs, to a therapist, as defined in s. 895.441 (1) (e), to a person listed under s. 48.981 (2) (a), or to a district attorney, is void. 895.442 HistoryHistory: 2003 a. 279; 2005 a. 155 s. 63; Stats. 2005 s. 895.442. 895.443895.443 Physical injury, emotional distress, loss or damage suffered by members of certain groups; action for. 895.443(1)(1) If a person suffers physical injury to his or her person or emotional distress or damage to or loss of his or her property by reason of conduct that is prohibited under s. 943.012 and that causes damage to any property specified in s. 943.012 (1) to (4) or by reason of conduct that is grounds for a penalty increase under s. 939.645 (1), the person has a civil cause of action against the person who caused the physical injury, emotional distress, damage or loss. 895.443(2)(2) The burden of proof in a civil action under sub. (1) rests with the person who suffers the physical injury, emotional distress, damage or loss to prove his or her case by a preponderance of the credible evidence. 895.443(3)(3) If the plaintiff prevails in a civil action under sub. (1), he or she may recover special and general damages, including damages for emotional distress; punitive damages; and costs, including all reasonable attorney fees and other costs of the investigation and litigation which were reasonably incurred. 895.443(4)(4) A person may bring a civil action under sub. (1) regardless of whether there has been a criminal action related to the physical injury, emotional distress, loss or damage under sub. (1) and regardless of the outcome of any such criminal action. 895.443(5)(5) This section does not limit the right of a person to recover from any parent or parents under s. 895.035. 895.443 HistoryHistory: 1987 a. 348; 2003 a. 243; 2005 a. 155 s. 65; Stats. 2005 s. 895.443. 895.444895.444 Injury caused by criminal gang activity; action for. 895.444(1)(c)(c) “Political subdivision” means a city, village, town or county. 895.444(2)(a)(a) The state, a school district or a political subdivision may bring an action in circuit court for any expenditure of money for the allocation or reallocation of law enforcement, fire fighting, emergency or other personnel or resources if the expenditure of money by the state, a school district or a political subdivision is the result of criminal gang activity. 895.444(2)(b)(b) Any person who suffers physical injury or incurs property damage or loss resulting from any criminal gang activity has a cause of action for the actual damages sustained. The burden of proof in a civil action under this paragraph rests with the person who suffers the physical injury or property damage or loss to prove his or her case by a preponderance of the credible evidence. 895.444(2)(c)(c) The action may be brought against the criminal gang or against any member, leader, officer or organizer of a criminal gang who participates in a criminal gang activity or who authorizes, causes, orders, ratifies, requests or suggests a criminal gang activity. An action brought under this subsection shall also name as defendants the criminal gang and any criminal gang members that participated in the criminal gang activity. An action brought under this subsection may name, as a class of defendants, all unknown criminal gang members. 895.444(2)(d)(d) The plaintiff may bring a civil action under this subsection regardless of whether there has been a criminal action related to the injury, property damage or loss or expenditure of money under par. (a) or (b) and regardless of the outcome of that criminal action. 895.444(3)(3) Service of process. A summons may be served individually upon any member, leader, officer or organizer of a criminal gang by service as provided under s. 801.11 (1), (2), (5) or (6) where the claim sued upon arises out of or relates to criminal gang activity within this state sufficient to subject a defendant to personal jurisdiction under s. 801.05 (2) to (10). A judgment rendered after service under this subsection is a binding adjudication against the criminal gang. 895.444(4)(4) Injunctive relief, damages, costs and fees. 895.444(4)(a)(a) The court, upon the request of the state, a school district or a political subdivision, may grant an injunction restraining an individual from committing an act that would injure the state, a school district or a political subdivision or may order such other relief as the court determines is proper. 895.444(4)(b)(b) The court may order a criminal gang member to divest himself or herself of any interest or involvement in any criminal gang activity and may restrict a criminal gang member from engaging in any future criminal gang activity. 895.444(4)(c)(c) In addition to the costs allowed under s. 814.04, a final judgment in an action under sub. (2) (a) in favor of the plaintiff shall include compensatory damages for the expenditure of money for the allocation or reallocation of law enforcement, fire fighting, emergency or other personnel or resources caused by the criminal gang activity and compensation for the costs of the investigation and prosecution and reasonable attorney fees. 895.444(4)(d)(d) In addition to the costs allowed under s. 814.04, a final judgment in an action under sub. (2) (b) in favor of the plaintiff shall include attorney fees and the costs of the investigation and litigation. 895.444(4)(e)(e) The final judgment in favor of the plaintiff in an action under sub. (2) (a) or (b) may include punitive damages assessed against a criminal gang leader, officer, organizer or member who is found to have participated in criminal gang activity. 895.444 HistoryHistory: 1993 a. 98; 2005 a. 155 s. 67; Stats. 2005 s. 895.444. 895.445895.445 Damage to certain machines; action for. 895.445(1)(1) An owner of a machine operated by the insertion of coins, currency, debit cards or credit cards that is damaged by a person acting with the intent to commit a theft from that machine may bring an action against the person. 895.445(2)(2) The owner has the burden of proving his or her case under sub. (1) by a preponderance of the credible evidence. 895.445(3)(3) If the owner prevails in a civil action under sub. (1), he or she may recover all of the following: 895.445(3)(b)(b) Costs, including all reasonable attorney fees and other costs of the investigation and litigation that were reasonably incurred. 895.445(4)(4) An owner may bring a civil action under sub. (1) regardless of whether there has been a criminal action related to the damage under sub. (1) and regardless of the outcome of any such criminal action. 895.445 HistoryHistory: 1995 a. 133; 2005 a. 155 s. 69; Stats. 2005 s. 895.445. 895.446895.446 Property damage or loss caused by crime; action for. 895.446(1)(1) Any person who suffers damage or loss by reason of intentional conduct that occurs on or after November 1, 1995, and that is prohibited under s. 943.01, 943.20, 943.21, 943.24, 943.26, 943.34, 943.395, 943.41, 943.50, 943.61, 943.74, or 943.76, or by reason of intentional conduct that occurs on or after April 28, 1998, and that is prohibited under s. 943.201 or 943.203, or by reason of intentional conduct that occurs on or after July 1, 2004, and that is prohibited under s. 943.011, 943.012, or 943.017, has a cause of action against the person who caused the damage or loss. 895.446(2)(2) The burden of proof in a civil action under sub. (1) is with the person who suffers damage or loss to prove a violation of s. 943.01, 943.011, 943.012, 943.017, 943.20, 943.201, 943.203, 943.21, 943.24, 943.26, 943.34, 943.395, 943.41, 943.50, 943.61, 943.74, or 943.76 by a preponderance of the credible evidence. A conviction under s. 943.01, 943.011, 943.012, 943.017, 943.20, 943.201, 943.203, 943.21, 943.24, 943.26, 943.34, 943.395, 943.41, 943.50, 943.61, 943.74, or 943.76 is not required to bring an action, obtain a judgment, or collect on that judgment under this section. 895.446(3)(3) If the plaintiff prevails in a civil action under sub. (1), he or she may recover all of the following: 895.446(3)(a)(a) Actual damages, including the retail or replacement value of damaged, used, or lost property, whichever is greater, for a violation of s. 943.01, 943.011, 943.012, 943.017, 943.20, 943.201, 943.203, 943.21, 943.24, 943.26, 943.34, 943.395, 943.41, 943.50, 943.61, 943.74, or 943.76. 895.446(3)(b)(b) All costs of investigation and litigation that were reasonably incurred, including the value of the time spent by any employee or agent of the victim. 895.446(3)(c)(c) Exemplary damages of not more than 3 times the amount awarded under par. (a). No additional proof is required under this section for an award of exemplary damages under this paragraph. 895.446(3m)(a)(a) In this subsection, “plant” includes the material taken, extracted, or harvested from a plant, or a seed or other plant material that is being used or that will be used to grow or develop a plant. 895.446(3m)(b)(b) If the violation of s. 943.01 (1) involves the circumstances under s. 943.01 (2d), the court may award a prevailing plaintiff the reasonable attorney fees incurred in litigating the action and, when determining the damages recoverable under sub. (3), shall include the market value of the plant before the damage or destruction, and the costs of production, research, testing, replacement, and plant development directly related to the plant that has been damaged or destroyed. 895.446(4)(4) Any recovery under this section shall be reduced by the amount recovered as restitution under ss. 800.093 and 973.20 and ch. 938 for the same act or as recompense under s. 969.13 (5) (a) for the same act. 895.446(5)(5) No person may bring a cause of action under both this section and s. 95.195, 895.449, 943.212, 943.245 or 943.51 regarding the same incident or occurrence. If the plaintiff has a cause of action under both this section and s. 895.449, 943.212, 943.245 or 943.51 regarding the same incident or occurrence, the plaintiff may choose which action to bring. If the plaintiff has a cause of action under both this section and s. 95.195, the plaintiff must bring the action under s. 95.195. 895.446(6)(6) A person is not criminally liable under s. 943.30 for any action brought in good faith under this section. 895.446 AnnotationCivil theft under this section is an “other civil action” under s. 799.01 (1) (d), not an “action based in tort” under s. 799.01 (1) (cr). The use of the term “civil action” in this section to describe the cause for civil theft indicates that the cause may also be properly characterized as a “civil action” under s. 799.01. This statutory civil theft claim has been specifically distinguished from similar claims of conversion, which sound in tort. Estate of Miller v. Storey, 2017 WI 99, 378 Wis. 2d 358, 903 N.W.2d 759, 14-2420. 895.446 AnnotationAttorney fees are included within the meaning of “costs of investigation and litigation” under sub. (3) (b) because Stathus, 2003 WI App 28, has long stood for that proposition and the legislature, despite taking other, subsequent action in this section, has not legislated so as to alter that interpretation. Estate of Miller v. Storey, 2017 WI 99, 378 Wis. 2d 358, 903 N.W.2d 759, 14-2420. 895.446 AnnotationCurrent or continuing possession of property is not an element of a claim under this section and is not a requirement under general standing principles. Pagoudis v. Keidl, 2023 WI 27, 406 Wis. 2d 542, 988 N.W.2d 606, 20-0225. 895.446 AnnotationBoth conversion and civil theft under sub. (1) and s. 943.20 (1) (b) require the victim to have an ownership interest in the property converted or stolen. Under the agreement in this case, the plaintiff operated a brain injury center in the defendant’s nursing facility; the defendant handled all billing and collections for the services the plaintiff provided; and, through a process outlined in the agreement, the defendant remitted the funds collected to the plaintiff. However, the defendant failed to follow through on its obligations under the contract, redirecting the plaintiff’s funds to pay the defendant’s employees and other creditors instead. When one party receives funds from an outside source and is required to remit those funds to the other party, that is enough to create an ownership interest. Milwaukee Center for Independence, Inc. v. Milwaukee Health Care, LLC, 929 F.3d 489 (2019). 895.446 AnnotationUnder Wisconsin law, the economic loss doctrine does not bar recovery under s. 100.18, but it does bar recovery under s. 895.80 [now this section], at least under the facts of this case. Dow v. Poltzer, 364 F. Supp. 2d 931 (2005). 895.447895.447 Certain agreements to limit or eliminate tort liability void. 895.447(1)(1) Any provision to limit or eliminate tort liability as a part of or in connection with any contract, covenant or agreement relating to the construction, alteration, repair or maintenance of a building, structure, or other work related to construction, including any moving, demolition or excavation, is against public policy and void. 895.447(2)(2) This section does not apply to any insurance contract or worker’s compensation plan. 895.447(3)(3) This section shall not apply to any provision of any contract, covenant or agreement entered into prior to July 1, 1978. 895.447 HistoryHistory: 1977 c. 441; Stats. 1977 s. 895.47; 1977 c. 447; Stats. 1977 s. 895.49; 2005 a. 155 s. 49; Stats. 2005 s. 895.447. 895.447 AnnotationThis section did not void an indemnity clause in a contract. Gerdmann v. United States Fire Insurance Co., 119 Wis. 2d 367, 350 N.W.2d 730 (Ct. App. 1984). 895.447 AnnotationThis section did not void a subrogation waiver in a contract because the waiver did not limit or eliminate tort liability. “Tort liability” is the legal obligation or responsibility to another resulting from a civil wrong or injury for which a remedy may be obtained. The subrogation waiver in this case did not limit or eliminate the legal responsibility of the contractors to the property owner for the contractors’ negligent acts. Instead, the subrogation waiver waived the property owner’s right to recover damages from the contractors for their wrongful acts to the extent those damages were covered by a property insurance policy. Collection of damages does not equate with liability. Rural Mutual Insurance Co. v. Lester Buildings, LLC, 2019 WI 70, 387 Wis. 2d 414, 929 N.W.2d 180, 16-1837. 895.448895.448 Safety devices on farm equipment, ordinary negligence. 895.448(1)(a)(a) “Farm equipment” means a tractor or other machine used in the business of farming. 895.448(1)(b)(b) “Safety device” means a guard, shield or other part that has the purpose of preventing injury to humans. 895.448(2)(2) If a person in the business of selling or repairing farm equipment fabricates a safety device and installs the safety device on used farm equipment, after determining either that the farm equipment was not originally equipped with such a safety device or that a replacement is not available from the original manufacturer or from a manufacturer of replacements, and notifies the owner or purchaser of the farm equipment that the person fabricated the safety device, the person is not liable for claims founded in tort for damages arising from the safety device unless the claimant proves, by a preponderance of the evidence, that a cause of the claimant’s harm was the failure to use reasonable care with respect to the design, fabrication, inspection, condition or installation of, or warnings relating to, the safety device.
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Chs. 885-895, Provisions Common to Actions and Provisions Common to Actions and Proceedings in All Courts
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