971.22 Annotation
Rules for determining whether community prejudice exists discussed. Thomas v. State, 53 W (2d) 483, 192 NW (2d) 864.
971.22 Annotation
While actual prejudice need not be shown, there must be a showing of a reasonable probability of prejudice inherent in the situation. Gibson v. State, 55 W (2d) 110, 197 NW (2d) 813.
971.22 Annotation
The timing, specificity, inflammatory nature and degree of permeation of publicity is extremely important in determining the likelihood of prejudice in the community. State ex rel. Hussong v. Froelich, 62 W (2d) 577, 215 NW (2d) 390.
971.22 Annotation
Where news stories concerning the crime were accurate, informational articles of a nature which would not cause prejudice and where 4 months elapsed between publication of the news stories and trial, it tended to indicate little or no prejudice against defendant. Jones v. State, 66 W (2d) 105, 223 NW (2d) 889.
971.22 Annotation
There was no abuse of discretion in this prosecution for 1st-degree murder in not changing the venue where the transcript of the hearing on the issuance of arrest warrant, the preliminary examination, and other hearings were closed to public and press; the police and prosecutor refused to divulge any facts to public and press; and press reports were generally free from the details of incriminating evidence, straightforward and not incendiary. State v. Dean, 67 W (2d) 513, 227 NW (2d) 712.
971.22 Annotation
Only defendant may waive right to venue where the crime was committed. State v. Mendoza, 80 W (2d) 122, 258 NW (2d) 260.
971.225
971.225
Jury from another county. 971.225(1)
(1) In lieu of changing the place of trial under
s. 971.22 (3), the court may require the selection of a jury under
sub. (2) if:
971.225(1)(a)
(a) The court has decided to sequester the jurors after the commencement of the trial, as provided in
s. 972.12;
971.225(1)(c)
(c) The estimated costs to the county appear to be less using the procedure under this section than using the procedure for holding the trial in another county.
971.225(2)
(2) If the court decides to proceed under this section it shall follow the procedure under
s. 971.22 until the jury is chosen in the 2nd county. At that time, the proceedings shall return to the original county using the jurors selected in the 2nd county. The original county shall reimburse the 2nd county for all applicable costs under
s. 814.22.
971.225 History
History: 1981 c. 115;
1991 a. 39.
971.23
971.23
Discovery and inspection. 971.23(1)
(1)
What a district attorney must disclose to a defendant. Upon demand, the district attorney shall, within a reasonable time before trial, disclose to the defendant or his or her attorney and permit the defendant or his or her attorney to inspect and copy or photograph all of the following materials and information, if it is within the possession, custody or control of the state:
971.23(1)(a)
(a) Any written or recorded statement concerning the alleged crime made by the defendant, including the testimony of the defendant in a secret proceeding under
s. 968.26 or before a grand jury, and the names of witnesses to the defendant's written statements.
971.23(1)(b)
(b) A written summary of all oral statements of the defendant which the district attorney plans to use in the course of the trial and the names of witnesses to the defendant's oral statements.
971.23(1)(bm)
(bm) Evidence obtained in the manner described under
s. 968.31 (2) (b), if the district attorney intends to use the evidence at trial.
971.23(1)(d)
(d) A list of all witnesses and their addresses whom the district attorney intends to call at the trial. This paragraph does not apply to rebuttal witnesses or those called for impeachment only.
971.23(1)(e)
(e) Any relevant written or recorded statements of a witness named on a list under
par. (d), including any videotaped oral statement of a child under
s. 908.08, any reports or statements of experts made in connection with the case or, if an expert does not prepare a report or statement, a written summary of the expert's findings or the subject matter of his or her testimony, and the results of any physical or mental examination, scientific test, experiment or comparison that the district attorney intends to offer in evidence at trial. This paragraph does not apply to reports subject to disclosure under
s. 972.11 (5).
971.23(1)(f)
(f) The criminal record of a prosecution witness which is known to the district attorney.
971.23(1)(g)
(g) Any physical evidence that the district attorney intends to offer in evidence at the trial.
971.23(2m)
(2m) What a defendant must disclose to the district attorney. Upon demand, the defendant or his or her attorney shall, within a reasonable time before trial, disclose to the district attorney and permit the district attorney to inspect and copy or photograph all of the following materials and information, if it is within the possession, custody or control of the defendant:
971.23(2m)(a)
(a) A list of all witnesses, other than the defendant, whom the defendant intends to call at trial, together with their addresses. This paragraph does not apply to rebuttal witnesses or those called for impeachment only.
971.23(2m)(am)
(am) Any relevant written or recorded statements of a witness named on a list under
par. (a), including any reports or statements of experts made in connection with the case or, if an expert does not prepare a report or statement, a written summary of the expert's findings or the subject matter of his or her testimony, and including the results of any physical or mental examination, scientific test, experiment or comparison that the defendant intends to offer in evidence at trial. This paragraph does not apply to reports subject to disclosure under
s. 972.11 (5).
971.23(2m)(b)
(b) The criminal record of a defense witness, other than the defendant, which is known to the defense attorney.
971.23(2m)(c)
(c) Any physical evidence that the defendant intends to offer in evidence at the trial.
971.23(3)
(3) Comment or instruction on failure to call witness. No comment or instruction regarding the failure to call a witness at the trial shall be made or given if the sole basis for such comment or instruction is the fact the name of the witness appears upon a list furnished pursuant to this section.
971.23(5)
(5) Scientific testing. On motion of a party subject to
s. 971.31 (5), the court may order the production of any item of physical evidence which is intended to be introduced at the trial for scientific analysis under such terms and conditions as the court prescribes.
971.23(6)
(6) Protective order. Upon motion of a party, the court may at any time order that discovery, inspection or the listing of witnesses required under this section be denied, restricted or deferred, or make other appropriate orders. If the district attorney or defense counsel certifies that to list a witness may subject the witness or others to physical or economic harm or coercion, the court may order that the deposition of the witness be taken pursuant to
s. 967.04 (2) to
(6). The name of the witness need not be divulged prior to the taking of such deposition. If the witness becomes unavailable or changes his or her testimony, the deposition shall be admissible at trial as substantive evidence.
971.23(6m)
(6m) In camera proceedings. Either party may move for an in camera inspection by the court of any document required to be disclosed under
sub. (1) or
(2m) for the purpose of masking or deleting any material which is not relevant to the case being tried. The court shall mask or delete any irrelevant material.
971.23(7)
(7) Continuing duty to disclose. If, subsequent to compliance with a requirement of this section, and prior to or during trial, a party discovers additional material or the names of additional witnesses requested which are subject to discovery, inspection or production under this section, the party shall promptly notify the other party of the existence of the additional material or names.
971.23(7m)(a)(a) The court shall exclude any witness not listed or evidence not presented for inspection or copying required by this section, unless good cause is shown for failure to comply. The court may in appropriate cases grant the opposing party a recess or a continuance.
971.23(7m)(b)
(b) In addition to or in lieu of any sanction specified in
par. (a), a court may, subject to
sub. (3), advise the jury of any failure or refusal to disclose material or information required to be disclosed under
sub. (1) or
(2m), or of any untimely disclosure of material or information required to be disclosed under
sub. (1) or
(2m).
971.23(8)(a)(a) If the defendant intends to rely upon an alibi as a defense, the defendant shall give notice to the district attorney at the arraignment or at least 15 days before trial stating particularly the place where the defendant claims to have been when the crime is alleged to have been committed together with the names and addresses of witnesses to the alibi, if known. If at the close of the state's case the defendant withdraws the alibi or if at the close of the defendant's case the defendant does not call some or any of the alibi witnesses, the state shall not comment on the defendant's withdrawal or on the failure to call some or any of the alibi witnesses. The state shall not call any alibi witnesses not called by the defendant for the purpose of impeaching the defendant's credibility with regard to the alibi notice. Nothing in this section may prohibit the state from calling said alibi witnesses for any other purpose.
971.23(8)(b)
(b) In default of such notice, no evidence of the alibi shall be received unless the court, for cause, orders otherwise.
971.23(8)(c)
(c) The court may enlarge the time for filing a notice of alibi as provided in
par. (a) for cause.
971.23(8)(d)
(d) Within 10 days after receipt of the notice of alibi, or such other time as the court orders, the district attorney shall furnish the defendant notice in writing of the names and addresses, if known, of any witnesses whom the state proposes to offer in rebuttal to discredit the defendant's alibi. In default of such notice, no rebuttal evidence on the alibi issue shall be received unless the court, for cause, orders otherwise.
971.23(8)(e)
(e) A witness list required under
par. (a) or
(d) shall be provided in addition to a witness list required under
sub. (1) (d) or
(2m) (a), and a witness disclosed on a list under
sub. (1) (d) or
(2m) (a) shall be included on a list under
par. (a) or
(d) if the witness is required to be disclosed under
par. (a) or
(d).
971.23(10)
(10) Payment of photocopy costs in cases involving indigent defendants. When the state public defender or a private attorney appointed under
s. 977.08 requests photocopies of any item that is discoverable under this section, the state public defender shall pay any fee charged for the photocopies from the appropriation under
s. 20.550 (1) (a). If the person providing photocopies under this section charges the state public defender a fee for the photocopies, the fee may not exceed the actual, necessary and direct cost of photocopying.
971.23 Annotation
Inadequate preparation for trial which resulted in a district attorney's failure to disclose all scientific reports does not constitute good cause for the failure if the defense is misled, but this is subject to the harmless error rule. Wold v. State, 57 W (2d) 344, 204 NW (2d) 482.
971.23 Annotation
When a prosecutor submitted a list of 97 witnesses he intended to call the court should have required him to be more specific as to those he really intended to call. Irby v. State, 60 W (2d) 311, 210 NW (2d) 755.
971.23 Annotation
The last sentence of (3) (a) providing "This section shall not apply to rebuttal witnesses or those called for impeachment only." is stricken as unconstitutional. Sub. (8), stats. 1973, is constitutional because after notice of alibi is given the state would have a duty to submit a list of rebuttal witnesses under (3) (a). This satisfies the due process requirement of reciprocity. Allison v. State, 62 W (2d) 14, 214 NW (2d) 437. [But see Tucker v. State, 84 W (2d) 630 (1978), for discussion of reciprocity provision in (8) (d) added to this section by ch. 196, laws of 1973.]
971.23 Annotation
When a party successfully moves under former s. 971.24 (2) to have material masked or deleted from a discovery document, the proper procedure to be pursued is to place it in a sealed envelope or container, if necessary, so that it may be preserved for the aid of the supreme court upon appellate review. State v. Van Ark, 62 W (2d) 155, 215 NW (2d) 41.
971.23 Annotation
Retroactive effect of ruling in Allison as to (3) (a) denied where defendant not prejudiced by operation of alibi statute. Rohl v. State, 65 W (2d) 683, 223 NW (2d) 567.
971.23 Annotation
Under both the statutory discovery provisions of this section and the constitutional duty of the state to disclose to a criminal defendant evidence exculpatory in nature, there is no requirement to provide exculpatory evidence which is not within the exclusive possession of the state and does not surprise or prejudice the defendant. State v. Calhoun, 67 W (2d) 204, 226 NW (2d) 504.
971.23 Annotation
The calling of a rebuttal witness not included in the state's witness list, as allowed by (3) (a), was not unconstitutional. Although substantial evidence indicates that the state had subpoenaed its "rebuttal" witness at least 2 weeks before he was called to testify and deliberately held him back for "dramatic" effect, no objection or motion to suppress was made on the proper ground that the witness was not a bona fide rebuttal witness hence objection to the witness' testimony was waived. Caccitolo v. State, 69 W (2d) 102, 230 NW (2d) 139.
971.23 Annotation
The prosecutor's duty under former s. 971.25 (1) does not ordinarily extend to discovery of criminal records from other jurisdictions. The prosecutor must make good-faith efforts to obtain such records from other jurisdictions specifically requested by the defense. Jones v. State, 69 W (2d) 337, 230 NW (2d) 677.
971.23 Annotation
Police officers' "memo books" and reports were within the rule requiring production of witness statements, since the books and reports were written by the officers, the reports signed by them, and both officers testified as to the incident preceding defendant's arrest. State v. Groh, 69 W (2d) 481, 230 NW (2d) 745.
971.23 Annotation
Where the state calls a witness not included in its list of witnesses exchanged under (3), the preferable procedure is not to strike the witness but to allow a defendant, who makes a timely showing of surprise and prejudice, a continuance sufficient to interview the witness. Kutchera v. State, 69 W (2d) 534, 230 NW (2d) 750.
971.23 Annotation
The written summary of all oral statements made by defendant which the state intends to introduce at trial and which must be provided to defendant under (1), upon request is not limited to statements to police; hence, incriminating statements made by defendant to 2 witnesses were within the scope of the disclosure statute. Kutchera v. State, 69 W (2d) 534, 230 NW (2d) 750.
971.23 Annotation
All statements, whether possessed by direct-examining counsel or cross-examining counsel, must be produced; mere notes need not be produced. State v. Lenarchick, 74 W (2d) 425, 247 NW (2d) 80.
971.23 Annotation
Where defendant relies solely on defense of alibi and on day of trial complaining witness changes mind as to date of occurrence, request for continuance based on surprise was properly denied because defendant failed to show prejudicial effect of unexpected testimony. See note to 971.10, citing Angus v. State, 76 W (2d) 191, 251 NW (2d) 28.
971.23 Annotation
Generalized inspection of prosecution files by defense counsel prior to preliminary hearing is so inherently harmful to orderly administration of justice that trial court may not confer such right. Matter of State ex rel. Lynch v. County Ct. 82 W (2d) 454, 262 NW (2d) 773.
971.23 Annotation
Under (8) (d), state must provide names of all people who will testify at any time during trial that defendant was at scene of crime. Tucker v. State, 84 W (2d) 630, 267 NW (2d) 630 (1978).
971.23 Annotation
Trial court erred in ordering defense to turn over "transcripts" of interviews between defense counsel, defendant and alibi witnesses, where oral statements were not recorded verbatim. Pohl v. State, 96 W (2d) 290, 291 NW (2d) 554 (1980).
971.23 Annotation
See note to art. I, sec. 8, citing State v. Copening, 100 W (2d) 700, 303 NW (2d) 821 (1981).
971.23 Annotation
Under facts of case, victim's medical records were not reports required to be disclosed under (5). State v. Moriarty, 107 W (2d) 622, 321 NW (2d) 324 (Ct. App. 1982).
971.23 Annotation
Where defendant was not relying on alibi defense and did not file notice of alibi, judge did not abuse discretion in barring alibi testimony. State v. Burroughs, 117 W (2d) 293, 344 NW (2d) 149 (1984).
971.23 Annotation
Disclosure of exculpatory evidence discussed. State v. Ruiz, 118 W (2d) 177, 347 NW (2d) 352 (1984).
971.23 Annotation
Where defendant was charged under "party to a crime" statute for conspiratorial planning of robbery, alibi notice was required only regarding defendant's whereabouts during the robbery, not during the planning sessions. State v. Horenberger, 119 W (2d) 237, 349 NW (2d) 692 (1984).
971.23 Annotation
See note to 345.421, citing State v. Ehlen, 119 W (2d) 451, 351 NW (2d) 503 (1984).
971.23 Annotation
Sub. (7) requires determination by trial court whether noncompliance was for good cause; if it was not, exclusion is mandatory. If it was, sanction is discretionary. State v. Wild, 146 W (2d) 18, 429 NW (2d) 105 (Ct. App. 1988).
971.23 Annotation
Criminal defendant is not required to comply with rules of criminal procedure to obtain a record available under the open records law. State ex rel. Young v. Shaw, 165 W (2d) 276, 477 NW (2d) 340 (Ct. App. 1991).
971.23 Annotation
Where the state inferred that a complainant sought psychological treatment as the result of a sexual assault by the defendant but did not offer the psychological records or opinions of the therapist as evidence, it was not improper to deny the defendant access to the records where the court determined that the records contained nothing which was material to the fairness of the trial. State v. Mainiero, 189 W (2d) 80, 525 NW (2d) 304 (Ct. App. 1994).
971.23 Annotation
Although of public record, it is an intolerable burden on a defendant to be required to continually comb criminal records to determine if any of the state's witnesses are subject to criminal penalty. The burden is on the state to provide this information, particularly in light of a discovery request for the criminal records of the state's witnesses. State v. Randall, 197 W (2d) 29, 539 NW (2d) 708 (Ct. App. 1995).
971.23 Annotation
This section does not provide for postconviction discovery. Postconviction discovery may be allowed within the court's discretion when the evidence sought is material and the motion specifically states what the results might be and how those results create a reasonable probability of a different outcome. State v. O'Brien, 214 W (2d) 327, 572 NW (2d) 870 (Ct. App. 1997).
971.23 Annotation
State unconstitutionally excluded defendant's alibi testimony for failure to comply with this section, but error was harmless. Alicea v. Gagnon, 675 F (2d) 913 (1982).
971.23 Annotation
Comparison of federal discovery and the ABA standards with the Wisconsin statute. 1971 WLR 614.
971.26
971.26
Formal defects. No indictment, information, complaint or warrant shall be invalid, nor shall the trial, judgment or other proceedings be affected by reason of any defect or imperfection in matters of form which do not prejudice the defendant.
971.26 Annotation
The fact that the information alleged the wrong date for the offense is not prejudicial where the complaint stated the correct date and there was no evidence defendant was misled. A charge of violation of 946.42 (2) (a) (c) is a technical defect of language in a case where both paragraphs applied. Burkhalter v. State, 52 W (2d) 413, 190 NW (2d) 502.
971.26 Annotation
The failure to cite the correct statutory subsections violated in the information and certificate of conviction is immaterial where defendant cannot show he was misled. Craig v. State, 55 W (2d) 489, 198 NW (2d) 609.
971.26 Annotation
Lack of prejudice to defendant, notwithstanding technical defects in the information, is made patent by his counsel's concession that his client knew precisely what crime he was charged with having committed, and the absence in the record of any such claim asserted during the case, which was vigorously tried. Clark v. State, 62 W (2d) 194, 214 NW (2d) 450.
971.26 Annotation
Failure to allege lack of consent was not fatal jurisdictional defect of information charging burglary. Schleiss v. State, 71 W (2d) 733, 239 NW (2d) 68.
971.27
971.27
Lost information, complaint or indictment. In the case of the loss or destruction of an information or complaint, the district attorney may file a copy, and the prosecution shall proceed without delay from that cause. In the case of the loss or destruction of an indictment, an information may be filed.
971.28
971.28
Pleading judgment. In pleading a judgment or other determination of or proceeding before any court or officer, it shall be sufficient to state that the judgment or determination was duly rendered or made or the proceeding duly had.
971.29
971.29
Amending the charge. 971.29(1)(1) A complaint or information may be amended at any time prior to arraignment without leave of the court.
971.29(2)
(2) At the trial, the court may allow amendment of the complaint, indictment or information to conform to the proof where such amendment is not prejudicial to the defendant. After verdict the pleading shall be deemed amended to conform to the proof if no objection to the relevance of the evidence was timely raised upon the trial.
971.29(3)
(3) Upon allowing an amendment to the complaint or indictment or information, the court may direct other amendments thereby rendered necessary and may proceed with or postpone the trial.
971.29 Annotation
Where there was evidence which a jury could believe proved guilt, the trial court cannot sua sponte set aside the verdict, amend the information, and find defendant guilty on a lesser charge. State v. Helnik, 47 W (2d) 720, 177 NW (2d) 881.
971.29 Annotation
The variance is not material where the court amended the charge against the defendant to charge a lesser included crime. Moore v. State, 55 W (2d) 1, 197 NW (2d) 820.
971.29 Annotation
Sub. (2), in regard to amendments after verdict, applies only to technical variances in the complaint, not material to the merits of the action. It may not be used to substitute a new charge. State v. Duda, 60 W (2d) 431, 210 NW (2d) 763.
971.29 Annotation
The refusal of a proposed amendment of an information has no effect on the original information. An amendment to charge a violation of a substantive section as well as a separate penalty section is not prejudicial to a defendant. Wagner v. State, 60 W (2d) 722, 211 NW (2d) 449.
