422.201 Annotation
Scope of apparent agency may embrace making of usurious loan. Hollingsworth v. American Finance Corp. 86 W (2d) 172, 271 NW (2d) 872 (1978).
422.201 Annotation
Sale of interest-bearing note at discount will not be deemed usurious unless found to be cloak or cover for what is in reality usurious loan. Val Zimmermann Corp. v. Leffingwell, 107 W (2d) 86, 318 NW (2d) 781 (1982).
422.201 Annotation
Accord and satisfaction is not defense to claim of usury under consumer act. Clark v. Aetna Finance Corp. 115 W (2d) 581, 340 NW (2d) 747 (Ct. App. 1983).
422.202
422.202
Additional charges. 422.202(1)(1) In addition to the finance charge permitted by this subchapter, a merchant may bargain for and receive any of the following additional charges in connection with a consumer credit transaction:
422.202(1)(b)
(b) Charges or premiums for insurance against loss of or damage to property in which the creditor takes a security interest or to property leased under a motor vehicle consumer lease or against liability arising out of the ownership or use of property in which the creditor takes a security interest or of property leased under a motor vehicle consumer lease, if all of the following conditions are met:
422.202(1)(b)1.
1. A clear, conspicuous and specific statement in writing is furnished by the creditor to the customer setting forth the cost and term of the insurance if obtained from or through the merchant and stating that the customer may choose the person through which the insurance is to be obtained.
422.202(1)(b)2.
2. The creditor mails or delivers to the customer a notice of the customer's right to cancel the insurance obtained from or through the merchant in accordance with
s. 424.304.
422.202(1)(c)
(c) Charges in real property transactions as provided in
sub. (2).
422.202(1)(d)
(d) With respect to a consumer credit transaction which is other than one pursuant to an open-end credit plan and which is entered into on or after May 17, 1988, a charge not to exceed $15 for each check presented for payment to a creditor which is returned unsatisfied because the drawer does not have an account with the drawee, does not have sufficient funds in his or her account or does not have sufficient credit with the drawee.
422.202(1)(e)
(e) With respect to a motor vehicle consumer lease, any reasonable fee or charge that is conspicuously disclosed in writing to the prospective lessee before execution of the motor vehicle consumer lease, is agreed upon by the lessor and lessee and is not prohibited by
chs. 421 to
427 and
429.
422.202(2)
(2) With respect to a consumer credit transaction which involves a mobile home transaction as defined in
s. 138.056 (1) (c) or the extension of credit secured by an interest in real property, the parties may agree to the payment by the customer of the following charges in addition to the finance charge, if they will be paid to persons not related to the merchant, are reasonable in amount, bona fide and not for the purpose of circumvention or evasion of this subchapter:
422.202(2)(a)
(a) Fees or premiums for title examination, title insurance or similar purpose;
422.202(2)(b)
(b) Fees for preparation of a deed, settlement statement or other documents;
422.202(2m)
(2m) With respect to an open-end credit plan, regardless of when the plan was entered into:
422.202(2m)(a)
(a) A creditor may charge, collect and receive other fees and charges, in addition to the finance charge authorized under
s. 422.201, that are agreed upon by the creditor and the customer. These other fees and charges may include periodic membership fees, cash advance fees, charges for exceeding a designated credit limit, charges for late payments, charges for providing copies of documents and charges for the return of a dishonored check or other payment instrument.
422.202(2m)(b)
(b) For purposes of
12 USC 85,
1463 (g),
1785 and
1831d, both the finance charge under
s. 422.201 and charges permitted under
par. (a) are interest and may be charged, collected and received as interest by a creditor.
422.202(2s)(a)(a) A creditor may contract for and collect from the borrower, or include in the amount financed, any of the following:
422.202(2s)(a)1.
1. Charges or premiums for consumer credit insurance, as defined in
s. 424.201, consisting of consumer credit life insurance, credit accident and sickness insurance and credit unemployment insurance against loss of income of debtors resulting from either labor disputes or involuntary unemployment if all of the following conditions are met:
422.202(2s)(a)1.a.
a. The insurance coverage is not required by the creditor and that fact is clearly and conspicuously disclosed in writing to the customer.
422.202(2s)(a)1.b.
b. Any customer desiring the insurance coverage gives a specific, separately signed, affirmative written indication of the desire after receiving written disclosure of the cost and term of the insurance.
422.202(2s)(a)2.a.
a. The insurance coverage is not required by the creditor and that fact is clearly and conspicuously disclosed in writing to the customer.
422.202(2s)(a)2.b.
b. Any customer desiring the insurance coverage gives a specific, separately signed, affirmative written indication of the desire after receiving written disclosure of the cost and term of the insurance.
422.202(2s)(a)2.c.
c. The creditor mails or delivers to the customer a notice of the customer's right to cancel the insurance in accordance with
s. 424.401.
422.202(2s)(a)3.
3. Charges or fees for future service contracts or motor club service contracts if all of the following conditions are met:
422.202(2s)(a)3.a.
a. Membership is not required as a condition of the extension of credit.
422.202(2s)(a)3.b.
b. The term of the membership does not exceed one year or the creditor mails or delivers to the customer a notice of the customer's right to cancel the contract or membership in accordance with
s. 424.401.
422.202(2s)(a)4.
4. Charges or fees for mechanical breakdown, extended warranty or maintenance service contracts or insurance if purchase of the contract or insurance is not required as a condition of the extension of credit.
422.202(2s)(a)5.
5. Other charges not constituting finance charges as approved by written opinion of the administrator or not disapproved under
s. 426.104 (4) (b).
422.202(2s)(b)1.1. Notwithstanding
par. (a), in a consumer credit transaction other than one pursuant to an open-end credit plan, a creditor may sell and finance the products described in
par. (a) 2.,
3. and
4. without regard to the limitations contained in those subdivisions or in
s. 424.301 (1) to
(3) if the transaction is solely to purchase the products described in
par. (a) 2.,
3. and
4. and if the transaction is not evidenced by a credit contract that is signed by the customer on the same day as a contract evidencing any other consumer credit transaction with the creditor.
422.202(2s)(b)2.
2. Notwithstanding
par. (a), in a consumer credit transaction pursuant to an open-end credit plan, a creditor may sell and finance the products described in
par. (a) 2.,
3. and
4. without regard to the limitations contained in those subdivisions or in
s. 424.301 if the transaction is solely to purchase the products described in
par. (a) 2.,
3. and
4. and if the transaction is not evidenced by a credit document that is signed by the customer on the same day as the document evidencing consummation of the open-end credit plan.
422.202(3)(a)(a) For purposes of
chs. 421 to
427, any charge not authorized by this section shall be considered part of the finance charge. An additional charge authorized by this section but assessed in a manner inconsistent with this section is not part of the finance charge unless, except with respect to the charges under
sub. (1), the creditor requires the charge as an incident to or a condition of the extension of credit.
422.202(3)(b)
(b) Except as otherwise provided in
chs. 421 to
427, assessing an additional charge which is not authorized by this section and which is not included by the creditor as part of the finance charge, or which is authorized by this section but assessed in a manner inconsistent with this section, is a violation subject to
s. 425.304.
422.202 Annotation
Legislative Council Note, 1973: [As to sub. (1) (c)] Allows creditors to treat so-called "mortgage redemption insurance" as an additional charge. This is insurance written on long-term obligations, such as mortgages, which would not qualify as credit insurance, as that term is defined, because of its longer term. The effect of this amendment is to allow premiums for such insurance to be treated as additional charges, similar to insurance defined as "credit insurance", as long as the amount and term does not exceed the outstanding balance and term of the indebtedness.
422.202 Annotation
[As to sub. (2) (b) (intro.)] Broadens the range of real estate transactions in which specified additional charges may be made. As the section reads prior to the above amendment, only the creditor holding a first mortgage or equivalent security interest may pass on these incidental charges, which include such items as title examination or title insurance fees, and fees for deed preparation, notarizing documents and appraisals to the extent that they are customarily borne by the customer in a cash transaction. The problem which arises from this approach is that these costs are incurred by other creditors in real estate transactions, but these creditors are unable to treat them in the same manner as the first mortgage; i.e., pass them on to the customer. The change made by this section is designed to insure equal treatment of purchase money creditors, regardless of the priority of their security interest, creditors refinancing a first mortgage and creditors financing substantial improvements of real property. [Bill 432-A]
422.203
422.203
Delinquency charges. 422.203(1)(1) With respect to a consumer credit transaction other than one pursuant to an open-end credit plan, the parties may agree to a delinquency charge on any instalment not paid in full on or before the 10th day after its scheduled or deferred due date in an amount not to exceed $10 or 5% of the unpaid amount of the instalment, whichever is less.
422.203(2)
(2) No delinquency charge may be collected on an instalment which is paid in full on or before the 10th day after its scheduled or deferred due date even though an earlier maturing instalment or a delinquency charge on an earlier instalment may not have been paid in full. For purposes of this subsection payments are applied first to current instalments and then to delinquent instalments.
422.203(3)
(3) A delinquency charge under
sub. (1) may be collected only once on an instalment however long it remains in default. A delinquency charge may not be collected for a late instalment if, with respect to that instalment, there has been a deferral.
422.203(4)(a)(a) With respect to a consumer credit transaction, interest after the final scheduled maturity date may not exceed the greater of either 12% per year or the annual rate of finance charge assessed on that transaction if the transaction is entered into on or after April 6, 1980 and prior to November 1, 1981, and may not exceed the maximum rate permitted by
s. 138.05 (1) (a), if the transaction is entered into prior to April 6, 1980, but if such interest is charged no delinquency charge may be taken on the final scheduled instalment.
422.203(4)(c)
(c) With respect to a consumer credit transaction, interest after the final scheduled maturity date shall not exceed the greater of either 12% per year or the annual rate of finance charge assessed on that transaction if the transaction is entered into on or after November 1, 1981, but if interest is charged no delinquency charge may be taken on the final scheduled instalment.
422.203 Annotation
A fee that is required in order to allow the reinstatement of payments after a default is a delinquency charge. Burny v. Thorn, 944 F Supp. 762 (1996).
422.204(1)(1) With respect to a precomputed consumer credit transaction, the parties may at any time agree in writing to a deferral of all or part of one or more unpaid instalments, and the creditor may make and collect a charge but:
422.204(1)(a)
(a) With respect to a precomputed transaction which is scheduled to be repaid in substantially equal successive instalments at approximately equal intervals, if the deferral is made as of an instalment due date and the payment dates for all wholly unpaid instalments are deferred for one or more full instalment periods and the maturity is extended for a corresponding period, the deferral charge shall not exceed the portion of the precomputed finance charge attributable to the final instalment of the original schedule of payments multiplied by the total number of instalments to be deferred and by the number of full instalment periods in the deferment period; or
422.204(1)(b)
(b) If the deferral is not made pursuant to
par. (a) the deferral charge shall not exceed the rate previously disclosed to the customer pursuant to the provisions on disclosure in
subch. III, applied to the amount or amounts deferred for the period of deferral calculated without regard to differences in the lengths of months, but proportionally for a part of a month, counting each day as one-thirtieth of a month.
422.204(2)
(2) A deferral charge may be collected at the time it is assessed or at any time thereafter.
422.204(3)
(3) The deferment period is that period of time in which no payment is required or made by reason of the deferral.
422.204(4)
(4) Any payment received at the time of the deferment may be applied first to the deferral charge and the remainder, if any, to the unpaid balance of the transaction, but if such payment is sufficient to pay, in addition to the appropriate delinquency charge, any instalment which is in default, it shall be first so applied, and such instalment shall not then be deferred or subject to the deferral charge.
422.204(5)
(5) No instalment on which a delinquency charge has been collected shall be deferred or included in the computation of the deferral unless such delinquency charge is refunded to the customer or credited to the deferral charge.
422.204(6)
(6) In addition to the deferral charge, the merchant may make appropriate additional charges as provided in
s. 422.202. The amount of such charges which is not paid in cash may be added to the amount deferred for the purpose of calculating the deferral.
422.204(7)
(7) In addition to any requirements of form established by the administrator, a deferral agreement shall:
422.204(7)(b)
(b) Incorporate by reference the transaction to which the deferral applies;
422.204(7)(c)
(c) State each instalment or part thereof in the amount to be deferred, the date or dates originally payable and either the date or dates agreed to become payable for the payment of the amounts deferred or the periods of deferral; and
422.204(7)(d)
(d) Clearly set forth the dollar amount of the charge for each instalment to be deferred and the total dollar amount to be paid by the customer for the deferral.
422.204(7)(e)
(e) This subsection shall not apply to deferral charges made pursuant to
sub. (8).
422.204(8)
(8) The parties may agree in writing at the time of a precomputed consumer transaction, refinancing or consolidation that if an instalment is not paid within 30 days after its due date, the creditor at any time may unilaterally grant a deferral and make charges as provided in this section if a notice is sent to the customer at least 10 days prior to deferral advising the customer of the total dollar amount of the deferral charge and the periods of deferral, but such deferral shall not be allowed if the customer has a valid claim or defense against the creditor for the payment not made. Only one such unilateral deferral on a consumer credit transaction may be made during any 12-month period.
422.204(9)
(9) No deferral charge may be made for a period after the date that the creditor elects to accelerate the maturity of the agreement.
422.204 Annotation
Legislative Council Note, 1973: Clarifies the meaning of ss. 422.204 (5) and (6). The reference in sub. (5) to "partial payment" is phrased in a manner which infers that part of an instalment cannot be deferred. However, this is not the case; see s. 422.204 (1) (intro.), which clearly allows the deferment of part of an instalment. This change also has a minor substantive effect—the deferral charge on the deferment of part of an instalment will always have to be calculated using the rate of finance charge previously disclosed to the buyer [s. 422.204 (1) (b)], rather than possibly refunding the partial payment and calculating the deferral charge using the "unit" method [s. 422.204 (1) (a)] if the transaction otherwise qualifies for such treatment.
422.204 Annotation
The cross-reference language added in sub. (6) has the effect of specifying with greater exactitude those additional charges allowable in a deferral situation. [Bill 432-A]
422.205
422.205
Finance charge on refinancing. 422.205(1)
(1) With respect to a consumer credit transaction other than one pursuant to an open-end credit plan, the merchant may by agreement with the customer refinance the unpaid balance and may bargain for and receive a finance charge based on the amount financed resulting from the refinancing at a rate not exceeding that permitted in
s. 422.201.
422.205(2)
(2) For the purpose of determining the finance charge permitted in refinancing, the amount financed resulting from the refinancing shall constitute the total of the following:
422.205(2)(a)
(a) The amount which the customer would have been required to pay upon prepayment pursuant to the provisions on rebate upon prepayment under
s. 422.209 on the date of refinancing, except that for the purpose of computing this amount no minimum finance charge under
s. 422.201 (9) shall be allowed; and
422.205(2)(b)
(b) Appropriate additional charges under
s. 422.202, included for the period of refinancing.
422.205(3)
(3) The maximum period for payments resulting from refinancing under this section shall not exceed the periods provided in
s. 422.403 commencing with the date of refinancing, but the outstanding balances for the purposes of that section shall be based on the amount financed resulting from such refinancing.
422.205 History
History: 1971 c. 239;
1979 c. 10 s.
24.
422.206
422.206
Finance charge on consolidation. 422.206(1)
(1) If a customer owes an unpaid balance to a creditor with respect to a consumer credit transaction and becomes obligated on another consumer credit transaction or desires to enter into another consumer credit transaction with the same creditor, the parties may agree to a consolidation resulting in a single schedule of payments.
422.206(2)
(2) The unpaid balance with respect to the previous transaction shall be determined under
s. 422.205 and the amount financed resulting therefrom shall be consolidated by adding to it the amount financed with respect to the subsequent transaction. The creditor may contract for and receive a finance charge based on the aggregate amount financed resulting from consolidation at a rate not exceeding that permitted by
s. 422.201.
