895.75 Physical injury, emotional distress, loss or damage suffered by members of certain groups.
895.76 Limits on recovery by prisoners.
895.77 Injury caused by criminal gang activity.
895.79 Damage to certain machines.
895.80 Property damage or loss.
895.01
895.01
What actions survive; actions not to abate. 895.01(1)(1) In addition to the causes of action that survive at common law, the following shall also survive: causes of action to determine paternity, for the recovery of personal property or the unlawful withholding or conversion of personal property, for the recovery of the possession of real estate and for the unlawful withholding of the possession of real estate, for assault and battery, false imprisonment, invasion of privacy, violation of
s. 968.31 (2m) or other damage to the person, for all damage done to the property rights or interests of another, for goods taken and carried away, for damages done to real or personal estate, equitable actions to set aside conveyances of real estate, to compel a reconveyance of real estate, or to quiet the title to real estate, and for a specific performance of contracts relating to real estate. Causes of action for wrongful death shall survive the death of the wrongdoer whether or not the death of the wrongdoer occurred before or after the death of the injured person.
895.01(2)
(2) An action does not abate by the occurrence of any event if the cause of action survives or continues.
895.01 History
History: Sup. Ct. Order, 67 W (2d) 585, 760 (1975), 771;
1977 c. 176;
1987 a. 399;
1993 a. 481.
895.01 Annotation
Actions for criminal conversation or alienation of affections do not survive the death of one of the parties unless the complaint includes allegations showing financial damage to the plaintiff which would pecuniarily diminish his estate. Hanson v. Valdivia, 51 W (2d) 466, 187 NW (2d) 151.
895.01 Annotation
Punitive damages incident to damages for pain and suffering of decedent may be awarded to the estate. Wangen v. Ford Motor Co. 97 W (2d) 260, 294 NW (2d) 437 (1980).
895.01 Annotation
Paternity action may not be brought against deceased putative father. Paternity of N. L. B., 140 W (2d) 400, 411 NW (2d) 144 (Ct. App. 1987).
895.01 Annotation
Actions under 551.41 and 551.59 survive death of wrongdoer. Continental Assur. v. American Bankshares Corp. 483 F Supp. 175 (1980).
895.02
895.02
Measure of damages against executor. When any action mentioned in
s. 895.01 (1) shall be prosecuted to judgment against the executor or administrator the plaintiff shall be entitled to recover only for the value of the goods taken including any unjust enrichment of the defendant, or for the damages actually sustained, without any vindictive or exemplary damages or damages for alleged outrage to the feelings of the injured party.
895.02 History
History: Sup. Ct. Order, 67 W (2d) 585, 784 (1975);
1977 c. 176.
895.03
895.03
Recovery for death by wrongful act. Whenever the death of a person shall be caused by a wrongful act, neglect or default and the act, neglect or default is such as would, if death had not ensued, have entitled the party injured to maintain an action and recover damages in respect thereof, then and in every such case the person who would have been liable, if death had not ensued, shall be liable to an action for damages notwithstanding the death of the person injured; provided, that such action shall be brought for a death caused in this state.
895.03 Annotation
A complaint alleging the defendant shot plaintiff's husband and that the shooting was a wrongful act is not demurrable. Kelly v. Mohrhusen, 50 W (2d) 337, 184 NW (2d) 149.
895.03 Annotation
It is sufficient if the death was caused by a wrongful act, neglect or default in this state; it is not necessary that the death occur here. The statute includes cases dealing with breach of warranty arising out of contract. Schnabl v. Ford Motor Co. 54 W (2d) 345, 195 NW (2d) 602, 198 NW (2d) 161.
895.03 Annotation
A decedent must have had an actionable claim for damages at the time of death for wrongful death cause of action to exist; where statute of limitations would have barred decedent from bringing medical malpractice action, had he lived, wrongful death action based on the alleged malpractice was barred. Miller v. Luther, 170 W (2d) 429, 489 NW (2d) 651 (Ct. App. 1992).
895.031
895.031
Recovery from estate of wrongdoer. Whenever the death of a person shall be caused by a wrongful act, neglect or default and the act, neglect or default is such as would, if death had not ensued, have entitled the party injured to maintain an action and recover damages in respect thereof, then in every such case, the wrongdoer who would have been liable if death had not ensued, although such wrongdoer shall die prior to the time of death of such injured person, shall be liable to an action for damages notwithstanding the wrongdoer's prior death and notwithstanding the death of the person injured; provided that such action shall be brought for a death caused in this state. Any right of action which may accrue by such injury to the person of another although the death of the wrongdoer occurred prior thereto shall be enforced by bringing an action against the executor or administrator or personal representative of such deceased wrongdoer.
895.031 History
History: 1993 a. 486.
895.035
895.035
Parental liability for acts of minor child. 895.035(1)(a)(a) In this section, "custody" means either legal custody of a child under a court order under
s. 767.23 or
767.24, custody of a child under a stipulation under
s. 767.10 or actual physical custody of a child. "Custody" does not include legal custody, as defined under
s. 48.02 (12), by an agency or a person other than a child's birth or adoptive parent.
895.035(1)(b)
(b) In determining which parent has custody of a child for purposes of this section, the court shall consider which parent had responsibility for caring for and supervising the child at the time the act that caused the injury, damage or loss occurred.
895.035(2)
(2) The parent or parents with custody of a minor child, in any circumstances where he, she or they may not be liable under the common law, are liable for damages to property, for the cost of repairing or replacing property or removing the marking, drawing, writing or etching from property regarding a violation under
s. 943.017, for the value of unrecovered stolen property or for personal injury attributable to a wilful, malicious or wanton act of the child. The parent or parents with custody of their minor child are jointly and severally liable with the child for the damages imposed under
s. 943.51 for their child's violation of
s. 943.50.
895.035(2g)
(2g) The parent or parents with custody of a minor child are liable for the cost of the repair or replacement of, or the removal of the etching, marking, drawing or writing from, property damaged as the result of a violation of an ordinance that prohibits intentional etching or marking, drawing or writing with paint, ink or other substance on the physical property of another without the other's consent.
895.035(2m)(a)(a) If a juvenile or a parent with custody of a child [juvenile] fails to pay restitution under
s. 938.245,
938.32,
938.34 (5),
938.343 (4),
938.345 or
938.45 (1r) (a) as ordered by a court assigned to exercise jurisdiction under
chs. 48 and
938, a court of criminal jurisdiction or a municipal court or as agreed to in a deferred prosecution agreement or if it appears likely that the juvenile or parent will not pay restitution as ordered or agreed to, the victim, the victim's insurer, the representative of the public interest under
s. 938.09 or the agency, as defined in
s. 938.38 (1) (a), supervising the juvenile may petition the court assigned to exercise jurisdiction under
chs. 48 and
938 to order that the amount of restitution unpaid by the juvenile or parent be entered and docketed as a judgment against the juvenile and the parent with custody of the juvenile and in favor of the victim or the victim's insurer, or both. A petition under this paragraph may be filed after the expiration of the deferred prosecution agreement, consent decree, dispositional order or sentence under which the restitution is payable, but no later than one year after the expiration of the deferred prosecution agreement, consent decree, dispositional order or sentence or any extension of the consent decree, dispositional order or sentence. A judgment rendered under this paragraph does not bar the victim or the victim's insurer, or both, from commencing another action seeking compensation from the child or the parent, or both, if the amount of restitution ordered under this paragraph is less than the total amount of damages claimed by the victim or the victim's insurer.
895.035 Note
NOTE: Par. (a) is shown as affected by two acts of the 1997 legislature and as merged by the revisor under s. 13.93 (2) (c). The bracketed language indicates the correct term. Corrective legislation is pending.
895.035(2m)(b)
(b) If a juvenile or a parent with custody of a juvenile fails to pay a forfeiture as ordered by a court assigned to exercise jurisdiction under
chs. 48 and
938, a court of criminal jurisdiction or a municipal court, if a juvenile or a parent with custody of a juvenile fails to pay costs as ordered by the court assigned to exercise jurisdiction under
chs. 48 and
938 or a municipal court, if a juvenile fails to pay a surcharge as ordered by a court assigned to exercise jurisdiction under
chs. 48 and
938 or a court of criminal jurisdiction or if it appears likely that the juvenile or the parent will not pay the forfeiture or surcharge as ordered, the representative of the public interest under
s. 938.09, the agency, as defined in
s. 938.38 (1) (a), supervising the juvenile or the law enforcement agency that issued the citation to the juvenile may petition the court assigned to exercise jurisdiction under
chs. 48 and
938 to order that the amount of the forfeiture, surcharge or costs unpaid by the juvenile or parent be entered and docketed as a judgment against the juvenile and the parent with custody of the juvenile and in favor of the county or appropriate municipality. A petition under this paragraph may be filed after the expiration of the dispositional order or sentence under which the forfeiture, surcharge or costs is payable, but no later than one year after the expiration of the dispositional order or sentence or any extension of the dispositional order or sentence.
895.035(2m)(bm)1.1. Before issuing an order under
par. (a) or
(b), the court assigned to exercise jurisdiction under
chs. 48 and
938 shall give the juvenile and the parent notice of the intent to issue the order and an opportunity to be heard regarding the order. The court shall give the juvenile and the parent an opportunity to present evidence as to the amount of the restitution, forfeiture or surcharge unpaid, but not as to the amount of the restitution, forfeiture or surcharge originally ordered. The court shall also give the juvenile and the parent an opportunity to present evidence as to the reason for the failure to pay the restitution, forfeiture or surcharge and the ability of the juvenile or the parent to pay the restitution, forfeiture or surcharge. In considering the ability of the juvenile or the parent to pay the restitution, forfeiture or surcharge, the court may consider the assets, as well as the income, of the juvenile or the parent and may consider the future ability of the juvenile or parent to pay the restitution, forfeiture or surcharge within the time specified in
s. 893.40.
895.035(2m)(bm)2.
2. In proceedings under this subsection, the court assigned to exercise jurisdiction under
chs. 48 and
938 may take judicial notice of any deferred prosecution agreement, consent decree, dispositional order, sentence, extension of a consent decree, dispositional order or sentence or any other finding or order in the records of the juvenile maintained by that court or the municipal court.
895.035(2m)(bm)3.
3. In proceedings under this subsection, the juvenile and the parent may retain counsel of their own choosing at their own expense, but a juvenile or a parent has no right to be represented by appointed counsel in a proceeding under this subsection.
895.035(2m)(c)
(c) The court assigned to exercise jurisdiction under
chs. 48 and
938 may order that the juvenile perform community service work for a public agency or nonprofit charitable organization that is designated by the court in lieu of making restitution or paying the forfeiture or surcharge. If the parent agrees to perform community service work in lieu of making restitution or paying the forfeiture or surcharge, the court may order that the parent perform community service work for a public agency or a nonprofit charitable organization that is designated by the court. Community service work may be in lieu of restitution only if also agreed to by the public agency or nonprofit charitable organization and by the person to whom restitution is owed. The court may utilize any available resources, including any community service work program, in ordering the juvenile or parent to perform community service work. The number of hours of community service work required may not exceed the number determined by dividing the amount owed on the restitution, forfeiture or surcharge by the minimum wage established under
ch. 104 for adults in nonagriculture, nontipped employment. The court shall ensure that the juvenile or parent is provided with a written statement of the terms of the community service order and that the community service order is monitored.
895.035(3)
(3) An adjudication under
s. 938.183 or
938.34 that the juvenile violated a civil law or ordinance, is delinquent or is in need of protection and services under
s. 938.13 (12), based on proof that the juvenile committed the act, subject to its admissibility under
s. 904.10, shall, in an action under
sub. (1), stop a juvenile's parent or parents from denying that the juvenile committed the act that resulted in the injury, damage or loss.
895.035 Note
NOTE: Sub. (3) is shown as affected by two acts of the 1997 legislature and as merged by the revisor under s. 13.93 (2) (c).
895.035(4)
(4) Except for recovery for retail theft under
s. 943.51, the maximum recovery from any parent or parents may not exceed the amount specified in
s. 799.01 (1) (d) for damages resulting from any one act of a juvenile in addition to taxable costs and disbursements and reasonable attorney fees, as determined by the court. If 2 or more juveniles in the custody of the same parent or parents commit the same act the total recovery may not exceed the amount specified in
s. 799.01 (1) (d), in addition to taxable costs and disbursements. The maximum recovery from any parent or parents for retail theft by their minor child is established under
s. 943.51.
895.035(5)
(5) This section does not limit the amount of damages recoverable by an action against a child or children except that any amount so recovered shall be reduced and apportioned by the amount received from the parent or parents under this section.
895.035 Annotation
See note to 343.15, citing Swanigan v. State Farm Ins. Co. 99 W (2d) 179, 299 NW (2d) 234 (1980).
895.035 Annotation
See note to 343.15, citing Jackson v. Ozaukee County, 111 W (2d) 462, 331 NW (2d) 338 (1983).
895.035 Annotation
This section imposes absolute liability on parents once elements have been established. Accordingly, defense of contributory negligence was unavailable to parents. First Bank Southeast v. Bentkowski, 138 W (2d) 283, 405 NW (2d) 764 (Ct. App. 1987).
895.035 Annotation
This section does not apply to placement agencies or foster parents. 66 Atty. Gen. 164.
895.035 Annotation
An "act" under s. 895.035 (4) is a complete course of conduct. What distinguishes a single act from multiple acts is (1) whether a sufficient period of time separates the conduct, (2) whether the conduct occurred at separate locations and (3) whether there is a distinct difference in the nature of the conduct. In cases of improper sexual contact, the jury need not make an individual damage determination for each act. N.E.M. v. Strigel, 208 W (2d) 1, 559 NW (2d) 256 (1997).
895.035 Annotation
The constitutional validity of parental liability statutes. O'Connor, 55 MLR 584.
895.037
895.037
Abortions on or for a minor without parental consent or judicial waiver. 895.037(2)(a)(a) Any person who, in violation of
s. 48.375 (4), intentionally performs or induces an abortion on or for a minor whom the person knows or has reason to know is not an emancipated minor may be required to forfeit not more than $10,000.
895.037(3)(a)(a) A person who intentionally violates
s. 48.375 (4) is liable to the minor on or for whom the abortion was performed or induced and to the minor's parent, guardian and legal custodian for damages arising out of the performance or inducement of the abortion including, but not limited to, damages for personal injury and emotional and psychological distress.
895.037(3)(b)
(b) If a person who has been awarded damages under
par. (a) proves by clear and convincing evidence that the violation of
s. 48.375 (4) was wilful, wanton or reckless, that person shall also be entitled to punitive damages.
895.037(3)(c)
(c) A conviction under
sub. (2) (a) is not a condition precedent to bringing an action, obtaining a judgment or collecting that judgment under this subsection.
895.037(3)(d)
(d) A person who recovers damages under
par. (a) or
(b) may also recover reasonable attorney fees incurred in connection with the action, notwithstanding
s. 814.04 (1).
895.037(3)(e)
(e) A contract is not a defense to an action under this subsection.
895.037(3)(f)
(f) Nothing in this subsection limits the common law rights of parents, guardians, legal custodians and minors.
895.037(4)
(4) Confidentiality. The identity of a minor who is the subject of an action under this section and the identity of the minor's parents, guardian and legal custodian shall be kept confidential and may not be disclosed, except to the court, the parties, their counsel, witnesses and other persons approved by the court. All papers filed in and all records of a court relating to an action under this section shall identify the minor as "Jane Doe" and shall identify her parents, guardian and legal custodian by initials only. All hearings relating to an action under this section shall be held in chambers unless the minor demands a hearing in open court and her parents, guardian or legal custodian do not object. If a public hearing is not held, only the parties, their counsel, witnesses and other persons requested by the court, or requested by a party and approved by the court, may be present.
895.037 History
History: 1991 a. 263.
895.037 Annotation
Essential holding of Roe v. Wade allowing abortion is upheld, but various state restrictions on abortion are permissible. Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 US 833, 120 LEd 2d 674 (1992).
895.038
895.038
Partial-birth abortions; liability. 895.038(2)(a)(a) Except as provided in
par. (b), any of the following persons has a claim for appropriate relief against a person who performs a partial-birth abortion:
895.038(2)(a)1.
1. If the person on whom a partial-birth abortion was performed was a minor, the parent of the minor.
895.038(2)(a)2.
2. The father of the child aborted by the partial-birth abortion.
895.038(2)(b)
(b) A person specified in
par. (a) 1. or
2. does not have a claim under
par. (a) if any of the following apply:
895.038(2)(b)1.
1. The person consented to performance of the partial-birth abortion.
895.038(3)
(3) The relief available under
sub. (2) shall include all of the following:
895.038(3)(a)
(a) If the abortion was performed in violation of
s. 940.16, damages arising out of the performance of the partial-birth abortion, including damages for personal injury and emotional and psychological distress.
895.038(3)(b)
(b) Exemplary damages equal to 3 times the cost of the partial-birth abortion.
895.038(4)
(4) Subsection (2) applies even if the mother of the child aborted by the partial-birth abortion consented to the performance of the partial-birth abortion.
895.038 History
History: 1997 a. 219.
895.04
895.04
Plaintiff in wrongful death action. 895.04(1)
(1) An action for wrongful death may be brought by the personal representative of the deceased person or by the person to whom the amount recovered belongs.
895.04(2)
(2) If the deceased leaves surviving a spouse, and minor children under 18 years of age with whose support the deceased was legally charged, the court before whom the action is pending, or if no action is pending, any court of record, in recognition of the duty and responsibility of a parent to support minor children, shall determine the amount, if any, to be set aside for the protection of such children after considering the age of such children, the amount involved, the capacity and integrity of the surviving spouse, and any other facts or information it may have or receive, and such amount may be impressed by creation of an appropriate lien in favor of such children or otherwise protected as circumstances may warrant, but such amount shall not be in excess of 50% of the net amount received after deduction of costs of collection. If there are no such surviving minor children, the amount recovered shall belong and be paid to the spouse of the deceased; if no spouse survives, to the deceased's lineal heirs as determined by
s. 852.01; if no lineal heirs survive, to the deceased's brothers and sisters. If any such relative dies before judgment in the action, the relative next in order shall be entitled to recover for the wrongful death. A surviving nonresident alien spouse and minor children shall be entitled to the benefits of this section. In cases subject to
s. 102.29 this subsection shall apply only to the surviving spouse's interest in the amount recovered. If the amount allocated to any child under this subsection is less than $10,000,
s. 807.10 may be applied. Every settlement in wrongful death cases in which the deceased leaves minor children under 18 years of age shall be void unless approved by a court of record authorized to act hereunder.
895.04(3)
(3) If separate actions are brought for the same wrongful death, they shall be consolidated on motion of any party. Unless such consolidation is so effected that a single judgment may be entered protecting all defendants and so that satisfaction of such judgment shall extinguish all liability for the wrongful death, no action shall be permitted to proceed except that of the personal representative.
895.04(4)
(4) Judgment for damages for pecuniary injury from wrongful death may be awarded to any person entitled to bring a wrongful death action. Additional damages not to exceed $500,000 per occurrence in the case of a deceased minor, or $350,000 per occurrence in the case of a deceased adult, for loss of society and companionship may be awarded to the spouse, children or parents of the deceased, or to the siblings of the deceased, if the siblings were minors at the time of the death.
